Human Inheritance Essay Example for Free

Human Inheritance EssayEthical dilemmas are constantly confronting healthcare professionals, which is difficult to deal with as there is no correct solution. These are also known as moral dilemmas as they are situations where there is more than two choices to make and none of the choices is certain to work and can give complications. An example of this would be You are a patient and are too sick to speak for yourself. You are concerned about who will make medical decisions on your behalf, and whether your wishes will be followed. You wonder, What if they disagree about what I would want, or what would be best for me? . A nonher example of this would be with the economic downturn that you whitethorn not be able to afford the funds for food and need to feed your family but the only way in doing this is to steal or permit your family starve. These dilemmas are im manageable because each person thinks differently and has a different feeling towards it. There are ethical dilemmas surrounding IVF and infertility. Infertility is a inherited problem that affects women it is not the womans fault. With IVF the NHS only gives each woman one free cycle and after that she has to fund it herself.An ethical dilemma with IVF is the possible equipment casualty that is done to the infertile couple or the expected child by the physician. The success of IVF depends on the number of embryos transferred to the womans uterus. Because the chance of excerpt of an embryo in IVF is small the more transfers made the greater the chance of the woman becoming pregnant, it also increases the risk of multiple pregnancies. IVF is not allowed by the Catholic Church because it separates the unitive and the procreative aspects of marriage. To separate the unitive and the procreative aspects of marriage is a mortal sin.In addition the sperm donor commits a mortal sin in order to harvest the sperm which is needed for IVF. Although one human life may be created finished the IVF technique , many surplus foetuses, (unborn babies), are destroyed through this sour. Other surplus unborn babies are left frozen in the laboratories where they were manufactured as though they were not human beings, but simply consumer goods. They were not created in love through the marriage act as God intends. Multiple brooks also create danger to the health and well-being of the child.Premature birth and low weight when born are also returns with this, also studies that have been underinterpreted spina bifida is at a higher risk with children made from IVF. Also the hormones that are taken by the female in order to become pregnant are always at risk of having problems or abnormalities to the unborn child. Aminiocentesis is another ethical dilemma, during the process if abnormalities are found the mother is offered the chance to terminate her pregnancy. The ethical issues surrounding amniocentesis are seen as centring on 4 focal points.First is the polity of the diagnostic treatment cen tre. Here, 2 questions arise Is the client involved in a high-risk pregnancy? And, if a positive diagnosis is made, will the parents accept to an abortion? Second is the role of the genetic counsellor, which is seen as supportive rather than leading. He should assist the prospective parents in reaching a decision to afford amniocentesis and possible abortion that is mutually acceptable. The prospective parents, the third focal point, may face the question of deciding what is normal.The clients must also realize the dread(a) strains that are put on a marriage into which a severely defective child has been born. The fourth focal point is public policy. While amniocentesis may appear to threaten virtually values held important in our society, the author regards the procedure as an interim solution on the road to an arrangement of and ability to treat genetic defects. Contraception is another ethical dilemma as birth control operates before pregnancy begins, and until the sperm fer tilises the egg there is nothing that is going to suffer loss and so the issue is very different from the case of abortion.And since the egg and sperm would cease to exist whether fertilisation takes sic or not, they cant be said to suffer loss, either. Non-religious arguments about birth control are therefore concerned only with the rights of the parents and with the consequences for those parents and for society in general. The issue of possibly killing a person, and of the rights of the mother versus the rights of the foetus, which dominate the topic of abortion, do not arise. Some people think its wrong as it is wrong to interfere with the natural order of the universe.People in certain religions also see it as wrong because of the fact that it is like abortion as some birth control techniques can operate by preventing the implantation and development of a fertilized egg. Those opposed to such methods say that this amounts to an abortion, and that if abortion is wrong then thos e forms of contraceptive method must also be wrong. http//brendakaren. wordpress. com/2009/04/15/some-moral-and-ethical-issues-concerning-ivf-techniques/ http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/4418247 Contraception http//www. bbc. co. uk/ethics/contraception/contraception_abortion. shtml

Fast casual restauran Essay Example for Free

Fast casual restauran EssayAn summary of The prick of salt by NVM Gonzalez (In which irony had it once again.) *** Arturo Prez-Reverte, in his exhilarating novel The Flanders Panel wrote, Theres nothing more misleading than an obvious fact. (Prez-Reverte, 1990. p. 76) Its a philosophy to which more or less w Premium1668 Words7 PagesDead Star synopsis staff of life of table saltName Subject Lit 1N Year, Section MT1218 Date 1/23/13 Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez THEME (What does the story make you see nearly human life (or the S. H.E) The theme of the story is that sometimes, unexpected things eliminate rapidly in a short period of time and one da Premium1111 Words5 PagesFeminist Reading the Bread of SaltI. Introduction Throughout the naturally of history, there has been an evolution of courtship ideals. In the past, courtship had patriarchy present. Before, the males were always the one chasing the females. The men had to be the one to impress or chase after the gir l. However, whenever a female t Premium3165 Words13 PagesThe Bread of SaltThe prize of salt As an author, N.V.M. Gonzalez usually wrote about the Filipino life and Filipinos in general. One of his most remarkable short stories is The Bread of Salt. The story is about a young boy who was rattlingmuch in love with a girl foretelld Aida however he was turned down mainly because of Premium575 Words3 PagesBread of SaltThe Bread of Salt by NVM Gonzalez (1958) U sually I was in bed by cristal and up by five and thus was ready for one more day of my cardinalth year. Unless Grandmother had forgotten, the fifteen centavos for the baker down Progreso Street and how I enjoyed jingling those coins in my pocket- woul Premium3639 Words15 PagesPanera Bread Case AnalysisHyapatia Green Panera Bread Case Analysis June 10, 2010 Overview Panera Bread, also called St. Louis Bread Company was founded in 1981. Rated lofty as a bakery-caf restaurant, they serve a variety of breads, soups, and sala ds. Panera is considered a quick casual restaurant offering Premium1103 Words5 PagesBread of SaltAs an author, N.V.M. Gonzalez usually wrote about the Filipino life and Filipinos in general. One of his most remarkable short stories is The Bread of Salt. The story is about a young boy who was very much in love with a girl named Aida but he was turned down mainly because of the difference i Premium561 Words3 PagesThe Bread of SaltThe Bread of Salt a theatrical adaptation by lit14bakeshop based on the story The Bread of Salt by N.V.M. Gonzales SCENE I background bakery at the left, Spaniards house with the veranda in the middle, boys house/room at the right. A lamp post is in t Premium2138 Words9 PagesSalt AnalysisCHEMISTRY PRACTICAL NOTES SALT ANALYSIS S.No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE 1(a) Noted the colour of the salt BluePale greenGreenPale pinkColourless may be Cu2+May be Fe2+May be Ni2+, Cu2+May be Mn2+Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ (b) Noted the physical state of Premium1896 Words8 PagesBread of SaltThe Bread of Salt Summary It was his assigned duty to be up early in the morning and be on his way to the bakers to buy rolls and pan de salt for the breakfast table. He was fourteen and he has already got used to his task. On his way he thought of the bread of salt pan de salt and Premium1468 Words6 PagesPanera Bread Company Case AnalysisPanera Bread Companys Growth Strategy Case Analysis Among the crowded field of casual, quick-service restaurants in America, the distinctive blend of genuine artisan bread and a warm, comfortable atmosphere has given Panera Bread Company a golden opportunity to capture market share and re Premium2325 Words10 PagesBread communication Marketing Analysis cover TALK GROUP (Bakery) Number of brands under Bread talk group ( bakery) 1) Bread talk 2) Toast Box 3) The frost room 4) Bread Society Macro- environment * Economic There is a rise in income for most middle and lower income earners, making the bread exchang e price inelastic Premium1208 Words5 PagesThe Bread SaltTHE BREAD OF SALT Characters BOY main character of the play (Note He doesnt have a name in the story..) AIDA object of the boys affections PETE SAEZ guy who invites the boy to join his band OTHER BANDMATES preferably two guys JOSEF Premium312 Words2 PagesAnalysis interpersonal chemistry SaltChemistry Salt Analysis Cheatsheet Version 2.0 2008 Ankur Banerjee All Rights Reserved. Only important stuff for CBSE Class 12th Chemistry practical syllabus has been included, not everything. 2. WE + acidified K2Cr2O7 2 = sol 3 turns green 3. WE + acidified KMnO4 = pink colour of KMnO4 is d Premium1401 Words6 PagesBread HavenA Marketing Proposal in Starting a Business Bread Haven I. Purpose and Mission A. Introduction One may find difficulty to think of a food more vital and more familiar other than bread. Bread, as one of our oldest food and best source of carbohydrates Premium8308 Words34 PagesPanera Bread CompanyPanera Bread Company Group D Monday and Wednesday 1100-1215 Anthony Allen, Laura Blakeman, Daniel DeMaiolo, Carla Hill, and mason Shattuck Industry Analysis Dominant Economic Features Definition of Full-Service Restaurant Industry According to the United States Census Bureau, Panera Premium13223 Words53 PagesPanera Bread StrategyRunning head PANERA BREAD CASE Title Panera Bread Strategy Ron Johnson March 1, 2009 Southwestern College Professional Studies Abstract This case study is about Panera Bread Company and its strategy it wishes to engage to become the best brand name of uncontaminating bread in the United States. Pa Premium1226 Words5 PagesMorton a Brand Worth Its Reputation in SaltIntroduction If asked to recall five seasonings in their moms, or even their grandmas, cabinets during their childhood, atop of most peoples list would almost indefinitely include Morton Salt. For many Americans, Morton Salt is arguably as much of an iconic American brand name as automobi Premium1039 Words5 P agesPanera Bread Business StrategyThis reputation is about Panera Bread Company and the strategy it employs to become the best brand name of fresh bread in the United States. Panera Bread specializes in providing fresh goods, made-to-order sandwiches, salads, soups, custom roasted coffees and other cafe beverages. The company generates r Premium1371 Words6 PagesSwot Analysis of Giordano1. A great dish that will go with that after-office beer, this give tuna fishcakes with remoulade will be your perfect bet. Ingredients 1 can San Marino Corned Tuna 1 egg 2 tbsps flour 1/2 instill red bell pepper diced 2 tbsps minced spring onions 1 white onion diced 2 cloves garlic, minced Premium2893 Words12 PagesDocuments 1 20 of 775 Go to Page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 39 Previous Next Search

Single Stage Selective Tendering

Single Stage Selective TenderingThe mode of single stage selective tendering involves finding asserters, mayhap from previous experience, and asking them to submit tenders for the project at hand.Because you choose your contractors yourself you sess properly dig to find the best one. Past experience is always a serving in making your decision, non precisely this and you can take into account the resources of the company youre using, their health and safety record and their references. Not only this but when choosing a contractor it is to a fault sensible to take into consideration the type of work your doing, some companies pass on specialise in different areas. there are a few benefits to using single stage selective tendering, firstly you can choose your own contractor and remove bountiful playacting contractors, secondly companies are competitive over it and lastly you can rotate your contractors ensuring you always entertain a fresh pair of hands.Two Stage creamSome prison terms, potential contractors may be invited to initial discussions about the project to provide comment. This is usually only when a project has a short time eggshell or the customer doesnt have overmuch time to work with. After this initial discussion the client can invite his favourite contractors endure for a second, which again is a right-hand(a) way to gather more ideas and different inputs on the project. After the second interview the client should definitely know who he wants on board and it the discussions should make it easier to select his contractor. This is a inviolable way of selecting a contractor as you can gather a wide upchuck of input from the first two discussions it also allows the client to meet all potential candidates allowing him to make a sensible decision. In the second meeting it is potential the contractors give bring bills of quantities to submit as part of the final tender.Open TenderingOpen tendering almost explains itself. A client p ass on put some habitus of advertisement out for a contractor and all contractors are welcome to reply. The client can then make this decision pocketbookd on portfolios, references or CVs of potential contractors. Open tenders usually occur when a service such a road cleaning is needed. The major disadvantage in open tendering is that more contractors who you have know nothing about, considering their costs and reputation too, can apply, meaning you could end up making a bad decision due to stripped-down knowledge. References are important in open tendering.Serial TenderingSerial tendering has a military issue of benefits to it. This is because when you choose a contractor for serial tendering he result be involved on a number of projects. The contractor provides a impairment for the first project and then uses this to estimate prices for the following tasks. This method of tendering is usually apply when there are a number of similar projects taking place, for example a ser ies of schools being built. The advantages to serials tendering are that firstly, the contractor gains valuable knowledge from initial projects to be used in the separate projects and secondly the client is ascertaind a long term commitment from the contractor.OBJECTIVES IN TENDERINGThere are a number of different objectives you will set for yourself in the tendering stage of a project. These objects can have an affect on the tender costs, and if they are not met, it means your overall price will rise.Profit MarginThe profit margin of a project is basically how much profit there is to be made, it is a find out taking into consideration all of the costs, once all these costs deductions are done we are left with a rough figure or how much money is to be made.CostCosts are always a key thing to keep in mind it will definitely be an objective for the contractors and client to ensure that they keep within their cost restraints. The lower the overall costs of your project, the lower t he asking price will be. Some contractors will loose money from their own pocket if they do not keep to their initial set costs.TimeIt is important to ensure you keep within your timescale on a project, lengthy projects will cost more money than short ones and going over your time scale will have a pick off on effect on the overall price.FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF TENDERSMain ContractorsThe main influence in the levels of tenders is the value of a project. Small projects tend to have large lump sum overheads resulting in small profit margins whereas larger projects rely on massive financial commitments. There are numerous other factors that affect the levels of tenderingThe number and reputation of other companies trying to secure a tender.The economic climate of a country.Bank of England Base rate higher base rate=higher loan repaymentSpecialismLocationThe hole of a project can have a massive effect on the tender price. For Example, if a client chose a contractor based in th e UK to carry out works in northern Scotland the tender price will be significantly higher. Not only will prices rise due to the fact that the contractor will have to get himself and his men and machinery to northern Scotland and back but sometimes, on long-term projects, the contractor will have to pay for temporary accommodation, including food and drink. Temporary accommodation will cost a atomic pile and can have a great affect on the contractors tender price. Not only this but also, if the project is based somewhere like London, where alive costs are substantially larger than the rest of the UK, this can have an effect on the tender price.Site AccessThe accessibility of a aim can also have a significant affect on the tender price. If the site is in the middle of a busy city centre, this will make it hard for large plant to access city centres also bring a lot of traffic which results in delays. If your site is small with not many access routes or roads it can deem difficult for larger plant to get in, some projects require new access points and routes to be made for larger plant to do their jobs. This obviously costs money, which results on a larger tender price.Site ConditionsIf the chosen site is unlevelled or bad it means that before works can even proceed, the site will have to be sorted out. This can cost a lot of time and money depending on the state of the site. Some sites are contaminated which will result in a massive operation to decontaminate the site and a massive increase in tender pricing.Sub ContractorsSubcontractors are usually appointed in one of two ways. The first way is as a domestic subcontractor to the main contractor and the second is a nominated subcontractor by the client. When there is specializer work that needs to be done that a contractor cannot, he will send for a subcontractor who can do the work. Some subcontractors get recommend by the client. There are once again, factors that influence the pricesThe location of the w orkThe schedule of the subcontractorHow specialist the work isThe client/contractor relationship with the sub contractor.M4Single Stage SelectiveSingle stage tendering requires the potential contractors to ensue one interview with the client before one is chosen. This method is usually used when the client is looking for a partnership agreement with a guaranteed price and profit share. Single rate is also good for projects that need specialist attention. It is a good method for the projects such as hospitals where the client can guarantee a max price.Two Stage SelectionThis kind of tendering is often used for the design and build aspect of a project as it is good for gathering a wide range of ideas from a number of potential contractors. A sensible contractor will bring ideas to save money to the client and whoever usually manages to save the most money will be hired. This is a good method for specialised needs as the information you gather from the contractors can inform you on wh ether of not they themselves can carry out the work, which will be cheaper, or whether they have good links with sub contractors that specialise in that area. Two stage selection is good for any build that needs specialist care and also for school and colleges as the client gets significant input from all the potential contractors in the first two stages.Serial TenderingSerial tendering is used when there are a number of similar projects being undertook. It is good because the contractor can use his knowledge from pricing the first building to then price the following projects too. Not all the projects have the same layout but are similar in material and plant need. This enables the contractor to get a quicker idea of price ranges for the other projects as he already knows what he is expecting. Serial tendering is used when a series of school are being built, it can also work for a series of police move or hospitals. Serial tendering is also good for housing projects, shop chains and restaurant chains.Open TenderingOpen tendering is the most traditional tendering method. It is when anyone is open to submit a tender and the client will go through the applicants and choose, who he believes, to be the most suitable candidate. Open tendering can work for any kind of building and also is used for general services like road cleaning. It is good because you get a wide range of applicants to choose from. Even buildings that need specialist work done can be open tendered as the contractors themselves can appoint subcontractors for that kind of work.There are a number of different factors that will have an effect on tender method to be chosen, the following factors can all have an effect on what kind of tender method you useThe location of the project, European construction works are usually dealt with differently to non-EU construction projects.Project size of it, massive multi-million projects sometimes need the combined help of a number of contractors, e.g. Channe l Tunnel.Financial stability of construction company tendering for the work.Company reputationCompany resources, including plant, labour and materials.Company competency, including health and safety aspects.The size of projects does have a big effect on the contractor you can use. For many small projects, worth around 10,000 or less, the majority of clients would find a local contractor to do the job, however for the larger scale projects contractors can be brought in from all corners of the country.Not only size but also the type of work being carried out affects this too, as mentioned before, sometimes a number of contractors will have to join together, in what we call a consortium, in order to meet the high demand of resources needed.And lastly, the massive, high-value projects must be kept an eye on. To ensure they have the capacity to take on such a large financial debt and the associated cash flow requirements, the financial accounts of a prospective tender must be checked ove r a number of years.

Oppression And Discrimination Of Looked After Children Social Work Essay

Oppression And Discrimination Of Looked After Children mixer Work EssayThis essay explores how the identity of Looked after tykeren (hereafter LAC) contribute to oppression and dissimilarity in two specific argonas of Education and Health. The essay leave analyse the role of legislation and policy in combating or promoting discrimination and oppression. The history, social attitudes, variety, views of the children and theories underpinning LAC will also be discussed. Finally I will focus on the implications and relevance to cordial work practice.Cocker and Allain (2008) identify LAC and young people as children in the c be of the local authority, through a C be Order made by a court or voluntary agreement with their p arnt(s) to oblige them. They may be looked after in childrens home by foster c arrs, or other family members. All unaccompanied asylum seeking children are deemed LAC. For the purposes of pellucidity I will start by defining oppression, discrimination and s tigma. Thompson (1997) identifies oppression as the disregard of several(prenominal)s or group of peoples rights chairing in inhuman or black treatment with dominance and power by hotshot group over a nonher. For Thompson (2006), discrimination refers to a process of unfair or unequal treatment of individuals or groups resulting in undermining the interests of people from a less powerful category deep down society. Goffman (1963) highlights that stigma is constructed through social interactions. The individual who is stigmatised is seen as below societal expectations. Similarly, Parker and Aggleton (2003) familiar spirit stigma with an instrument that maintains boundaries between those with power and the powerless. This causes social inequalities that formulate into social norms thatpromote power structures. Through such power, social inequalities are developed hint to creation of social norms. From the above definitions oppression, discrimination and stigma it can be deduce d that the common elements are abuse of power and privilege resulting in inequalities and disadvantage. LAC are one of the less fortunate groups of people in society who experience such treatment because of their identity.The last three decades have experienced a huge turn over and introduction of legislation and policies seeking to address the acquires of children. The Childrens Act 1989 reformed Law relating to children and in particular set out the framework for the provision of stomach for children and families and for the protection of children in England and Wales. This was in line with the United Nations on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC 1989) which was the first legally binding International instrument to promote the rights of children throughout the world. ( hit and Parker 2007). The choice Protects (1998), Children Leaving Care Act (2000), Adoption and Children Act (2002), the Choice Protects policy, the Childrens Act (2004), Every Child Matters (2004), Care Matters (G reen and White Papers) and The Children and Young Persons Act (2008) are some(a) of the initiatives and legislation introduced to reinforce safeguarding children, and also as responses to reports of abuse, neglect, harm and safeguarding children in different institutions of residential care in the UK with the most publicised individual cases such as the deaths of Victoria Climbe (2000). It was busted that Staff working with vulnerable children was not adequately trained, rigorously checked on recruitment, no support and vigilance towards diversity and openness. This led to Laming fib (2003) which revealed significant failings within individuals and organisations which were meant to be looking after children.The Childrens Act (2004) emerged to implement and address the recommendations. In 2009 Lord Laming was also asked by the government to provide an extremity progress report on issues surrounding safeguarding children following the death of Baby P in 2007. He reinforced his earl ier findings on systematic and individual failures as the cause of the death of Baby P (Laming report 2009).Research has questioned the effectiveness of such initiatives in reducing discrimination of LAC. Examples of such research are Children experience of the Children Act (1989), Discrimination Against Young People in Care (1998) Remember my message (1993), The Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care in England look (2006), Barriers to change in the Social Care (2000), Bursting at the seams (2010) and the recent Panorama BBC programme on experiences of children leaving Care (5 October 2010).The UK is a multicultural society with diversity which policy makers and legislators need to acknowledge. Blaine (2007) views diversity as the presence of differences in society in relation to gender, race, ethnicity, religion, social class and sexual orientation. These differences are neither unspoilt nor bad however some of the differences are associated with inequality and disadvantage. So cial work practice is concerned with addressing these differences and disadvantages (Burke and Parker 2007).There is no exact figure for LAC but DfE Statistics (2010) reveal that there were about 64,400 LAC as at 31 March 2010 while the BBC Panorama ( 2010) mentioned around 70, 000 LAC as of 5 October meaning the number is increasing. The main reasons of macrocosm in care were abuse or neglect (52 per cent). There were 3,400 Unaccompanied Asylum Seeking Children (UASC) who were looked after at 31 March 2010. This is a abate of 12 per cent from 2009. There is a decrease in the Unaccompanied Asylum Seeker Children (UASC) (DfES 2010).Hogg and Vaughan (2002) views identity as associated with the process an individual becomes who they are in the sense of soulhood and others view of who they are. Furthermore a person has multiple identities which need to be seen as part of the whole individual as disregarding some aspects would be misleading and reductive of the individuals identity. G raham (2000) highlights that identities have different meanings and are not fixed but change over time as a result of surround, personal circumstances and outside influences. These influences will significantly affect the social experience and the self image of those defined, through, for example the experience of detrimental discrimination.All aspects of a childs identity need to be recognised and acknowledged regardless of gender, race, ethnicity or religion. By developing a confirmative identity children are motivated and their self esteem is enhanced for them to feel a sense of value, belonging and worth Blaine (2007). However Cocker and Allain (2008) argue that not all environments are positive in fostering this idea. When this occur the child becomes withdrawn and shy to open up and engage. Having a LAC identity endangers a child to be different, socially excluded, marginalised and denied equal opportunities in accessing services.(Assessing Children in Need 2000). As such s ocial proles need to adopt and work with a culturally sensitive approach and obligate the balancing act to enhance the resilience concept. (Masten 1994 cited in Daniel et al 2002).Burke and Parker (2007) highlight that the social work context and the involvement of a social role player in a childs feeling apply and identify the child as different. From my experience in social care practice I agree with Burke and Parker when they note that the bureaucratic and comprehensive paperwork, regular review and educational meetings, visits, contact arrangements and procedures and guidelines are associated with the LAC these are not experienced by most children in rule life settings. However this argument is dismissed by Garret (2003) cited in Burke and Parker (2007) when he affirms that paperwork and bureaucratic procedures are essential tools for a social worker to use in fostering them identify and address main(prenominal) developmental needs of the child but should however encourag e more one- to -one contact with the child rather than spending time on paperwork.Because of their identity a LAC they are disadvantaged and discriminated against at shoal and in matters related to Education. They most likely happen being expelled from School due to behaviour (DfE 2010).Statistics show that a third of LAC obtains a GCSE and a further fifth obtain fewer than fiver GCSEs. Although these figures are lower than a few years ago, they are noneffervescent much higher than for children as a whole more than half not obtaining five or more GCSEs compared to less than one in ten children as a whole (DfE 2010)The Social Exclusion Unit (2003) published a scroll A Better Education for Children in Care, (Thompson and Thompson 2003) which highlighted five reasons for the low attainment levels ranging from instability caused by insecure bunkments, bullying, lack of support and encouragement at home, time out of school due to expulsion, support and encouragement and emotional, mental or physical health.Schofield and Beek (2009) suggest that parents and people at home where the child lives need to be accessory and encouraging to the child learning success. School environment should promote learning that develops a child holistically to facilitate the self discovery method and judge themselves as they interact with other children. They also note that this is not always the case as children are disrupted of continuity in settling and making friends if gear upment breaks down. Sometimes bullying at school results in low self esteem. Although most local authorities have put in place a number of inter disciplinary services looking at the physical, mental well being of children discrepancies still exist. However in capital of Mississippi and McParlin (2006) in their article The education of children in care professionals are seen to be making assumptions and jumping into conclusions ending up giving labels and long prescribed long frontier solutions to short term fusss unnecessarily. This is associated with neglect and discrimination. More training and awareness of diversity, anti discriminatory practices and individualised person centred approach should be reinforced (Every Child Matters 2004).Morgan (2010) argues that the problem of poor school performance in LAC lies in the care and education system not in the children. He argues that the care and education systems do not address pre care experiences of the childs low attainment and also fail to address the aftermath or the impact of separation when children are removed from their families. The child may be suffering from undiagnosed post traumatic stress which can erupt in any confined environment such as school classrooms. He also contends that teachers have no knowledge of the childs history. Teacher training does not equip teachers with knowledge of the care system and on addressing behaviour from LAC.Jackson et al (2005) cited in Morgan (2010) carried out a research with stude nts in Higher education who had a care background over a five-year period. The respondents experienced a high level of trauma, abuse and neglect but were placed in foster homes that were supportive and valued education. The findings revealed that foster families who support education and celebrate the childs achievements are more likely to compensate to some level of the pre care experiences and promote higher attainment in education. It is important to place children in placements which are supportive to the childs success in education, foster resilience and offer a safe place to grow and achieve. To support childrens wellbeing the government has put in place the Children and Young Persons Act (2008) with a commitment to promote the wellbeing of children and those who are involved in their care. Children and Young Persons Act (2008).Dunnett et al (2006) acknowledged the initiatives by regimen such as the improvement of health of LAC as important and the proposed Care Planning for LAC and Care Leavers to be implemented April 2011. However according to research a number of health deficits still prevailed such as ill health, poor diagnosis, and dental neglect, neglect of routine immunisation screening, poor diagnosis, limited attention to inveterate ill health and limited attention to mental health problems. A study carried out by Loughborough University for the Department of Health (2006) revealed inconsistencies and concerns on consultation and treatment. to a fault studies revealed that teenagers in care found it difficult to discuss sex education due to fear, lack of privacy and trust. They wanted a significant trustworthy person to confide in. As such most of their health needs are overlooked and not met as they are labelled, stereotyped and marginalised. Axford (2008) in her article exploring social exclusion noted this difficulty as more prevalent among children from Black Ethnic Minority background who face a cultural, language and racism within organis ations that are meant to support and look after them especially asylum seekers. In the article LAC experiences of the Children Act (1989) highlighted that there are continuing myths about the Act which are still disadvantaging LAC. The children still feel they are not fully aware of their rights under the Act as they face day to day regulations and successive barriers. Children still feel they do not come up what the law says they should. A typical example was in socialising with restrictions on risk assessments for overnight stays by teenagers in care. This has brought a sense of discrimination and marginalisation as it is for normal teenagers to do overnight stays. Prout (2000) cited in Glenny and Roaf (2008) further picked up another conflict and tightness among within government departments and targets when he mentions that control and self realisation are both present in legislation and policy but in tension. On one camp there is the idea of viewing children as individuals wi th a capacity for self realisation within a safe societal environment while in the other camp there is the idea of viewing children as vulnerable and requiring control, regulation and surveillance. One example is the Youth Matters Four Challenges to help teenagers achieve the Every Child Matters outcomes. ( DfES 2005)Social workers need to listen, engage and work in partnership with looked after children. In a research by Holland (2010) exploring the moral philosophy of Care as beingmarginalised, not being implemented and recognised, it was evidenced that durable relationships are disrupted by placements as children often acknowledged their relate to their past and significant people in their lives. This highlights the importance of their individual pathway in promoting their wellbeing and interpersonal relationships and future achievements. Clarke (2010) emphasises the need to sustain and promote lasting care relationships with formal carers and social workers to avoid the conse quences of loss, neglect and worthlessness by listening to their story, exploring and putting their needs and choices first. Oliver et al (2006)s Briefing Paper Advocacy for LAC unveil that research has highlighted that there were some ambivalence within professionals as to what extent children must be involved in decision making to matters concerning their care as well as resource barriers. To overcome these constraints Winter (2009) suggested regular contact, feedback, advocacy and putting the needs of the child first need to be priority as children value being listened to and having their wishes fulfilled by active participation in matters concerning their wellbeing.In a consultation exercise with young persons leaving care as part of my coursework, they highlighted that sometimes they did not receive any satisfactory feedback from social workers when they need it. Also they mentioned that there was a lot of bureaucracy such as reviews or educational meetings which made them feel treated differently. Social work regular visits at school made them feel stigmatised. The respondents felt they wanted to be treated as normal children not service users. Barriers to Change in the Social Care (2000), a report by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, supports that there should be a human rights approach in working with LAC.Glenny and Roaf (2008) suggested premature Intervention is essential to support children and families before problems either from within the family or as a result of external factors, which have an impact on both the child and family. Statutory and voluntary organisations have an obligation to work in partnership for the success of early intervention agenda. Teamwork will establish protocols which will help to ensure early indications of being at risk of social exclusion are addressed and receive proper attention.McLeod (1998) highlighted the need to acknowledge Child development which enable children accept and discover themselves through stages and e xposure to promote self awareness, confidence, self esteem and positive attitudes. McLeod highlighted Freuds psycho-analysis theory (1859-1939), Ericksons psycho-social development theory (1950) and Bowlbys attachment theory (1969). This view is shared in the literature review by Hunt (2003) cited in Ritchie (2005) which highlights that although there is no concrete evidence of kinship care over non kin foster care there are indications that chances are the former promotes the childs wellbeing and welfare than the latter. It is important for social workers to be aware of child developmental needs and how valuable family ties are. Schofield and Beek, (2005) cited in Shaw (2010) affirms that past relationships with family and professionals has an impact on the childs wellbeing and ability to cope with life on their own. Active parenting focusing on the childs needs and positive engagement with the child will help and promote skills to deal with difficult situations in life. Social wor kers need to promote resilience to empower children to face challenges and deal with their past and future (Daniel and Wassell 2002) .Bates et al (1997) suggests that assessment framework should foster identity and acknowledge diversity in order to promote a childs perception of themselves and their environment. Social workers need to employ anti-discriminatory practice with opportunities and resources for self discovery through interaction (Assessment for Children in need Practice 2000). The Children and Young Persons Act (2008) also emphasises its commitment to promote a childs well being and the people involved in the care of the child.This essay discussed a particular aspect of discrimination and oppression among LAC and extent to which legislation, policy, practice and services relevant to social work exacerbate or assist in overcoming forbid experiences of LAC. Although there has been notable initiatives in addressing the needs of LAC for the past ten years a lot still has to be done in terms of societal attitudes, resources and safeguarding. To achieve the every child matters outcomes all the stakeholders need to work together by putting the needs and act in the best interest of the child. By listening and engaging with LAC practitioners will be able to improve Childrens quality of life. Anti discriminatory practice, empowerment, diversity and equal opportunities practices are part of the answer.

Conflict Influence On The Provision Of Aid Politics Essay

affair Influence On The Provision Of promote Politics EssayThe question of how dispute influences the provision of help oneself subtly posits a normative assumption the reader is immediately positioned on the affirmative position of whether concern should be provided in a fight smirch. This reflects a new reality in the global political landscape the proliferation of involution involving a high gentlemans gentlemanitarian cost has led the international association to prioritise intervention over sovereignty. As Duffield notes, largely through and through a series of ad hoc Security Council resolutions, a key festering has been the ability of the unify Nations to provide assuagement assistance even under war conditions.1Essenti everyy, the changing nature of contrast has provoked changes in the role and function of forethought, and when, and by whom it is provided. I will be exploring the positioning that the relatively new strategy of providing countenance during encroach has led to an inevitably dynamic interactive relationship between conflict and serve, characterised by both legal/ moral quandaries and language problems.Initially I would like to define what is meant by the term conflict. Contemporary conflicts, as described by Kaldor, ar a mixture of war, crime and human rights violations.2They are no immenseer inter-state affairs participated in by actors delineated a foresightful traditional lines, i.e. soldiery vs. host. They are typically intra-state, characterised by low intensity war outlying(prenominal)e they are facilitated by technological advances such as low cost, lightweight weaponry and speedier conference they receive much international attention, both from the media and the international/ political union and whilst not existence inter-state, they whitethorn be facilitated by external involvement. Duffield suggests these new wars are a permanent characteristic of fragmented crisis areas, which lack political and f rugal cohesion.3Duffield explains that these areas outside of the stintingally and politically integrated blocs- endnot be understood in constituted terms of war and peace. Their defining feature is ongoing instability, and furthermore this is not a temporary phase in the process of development and mutation toward all-embracing democracy (i.e. modernisation)4.A more appropriate framework than the binary war/ peace opposition is to situate contemporary violence on a conflict-to-peace continuum. This spectrum perspective firstly accommodates the varying levels of intensity inside a conflict, and also situates conflict in a timeframe. In needing the interaction of conflict and assistant, one must not only consider the influence of the actual conflict enacted in the present exclusively the influence of past conflicts, and how aid might avoid or alter potential conflicts in the future. The continuum should be viewed as linear but non-teleological, in that it includes the causes of conflict, conflict itself, and post-conflict situations which have the potential for repeated conflict. Uvin defines the transition from a state of conflict to a state of peace as a process with no definitive endpoints Sustainable peace is not or sothing that can be produced rapidly it is not something that can be mastered technically, with a fixed formula it is not even a clear state that can be achieved once and for all as much as a process.5Conflict can also be delineate in opposition to peace. Within Suhrke and Buckmasters exposition of a transition to peace, the conflictual position on the spectrum is also elucidated Peace stabilization involves securing transition from a military to a political mode of conflict demobilisation, return of refugees, reintegration and mechanisms for dealing with the conflict in political terms (elections, role sharing), relief (especially for IDPs and refugees), and immediate reconstruction to offer alternatives to war economy.6As mentio ned before, contemporary conflicts involve a range of less-clearly defined actors. Conventional distinctions such as state vs. state or state vs. rebel have dissolved, and the lines demarcating dickhead state/ legitimate state/ military, civilian/ military/ rebel/ revolutionary are very much bended. In relation to this dissolution of clearly defined actor roles, an overarching feature of contemporary conflict is that whilst some are waged as legitimate rebellions over genuine grievances pursuing the verifiable of social transformation, the sustaining of conflict itself is often the objective. In a situation with few economic opportunities and resource scarcity, the ability to wage war is the wielding of economic and political power in itself, and sustaining the conflict may paradoxically be synonymous with sustaining the means of life. Conflicts may not just be the outcome of deep, structural causes, but also actors attempts to address and weather these causes.It is also necessar y to define what aid is. Aid can- theoretically at least- be categorised as either relief (humanitarian assistance) or development aid. The former will focus on material goods ( diet, medicine, clothes and shelter) and function (water, security), and will be provided in the short(p) term, as emergency situations dictate. The latter will concentrate on addressing structural inequalities and divisions, aiming to transform and reconstruct society through capacity building in political, economic and social spheres and will generally be disbursed within a longer term framework. Aid is for the relief of slimy and human needs, both the immediate need and the causes of that need. Aid is delivered by NGOs (e.g. Oxfam), international organisations (e.g. the UN) and governments (e.g. DFID) although these actors may overlap, conflict and co-operate.However, this neat categorisation of aid is not theoretically or practically possible. It seems that whether relief constitutes aid is disputed. The OECD says Official development assistance is defined as those flows to countries and territories on the DAC List of ODA Recipients and to multilateral development institutions which are i. provided by authorised agencies, including state and local governments, or by their executive agencies and ii. individually transaction of which a) is administered with the publicity of the economic development and welfare of developing countries as its main objective and b) is concessional in character and conveys a grant element of at least 25 per cent (calculated at a rate of discount of 10 per cent).7This definition should not technically include relief or humanitarian assistance, as generally these do not fulfil the second beat. However, other literature does consider humanitarian assistance as a (growing) part of ODA the share of humanitarian assistance has risen sharply, from about 3 per cent of Official Development assistant (ODA) in the 1980s to close to 10 per cent in recent year s.8The problem of, and reasons for, separating these different sorts of aid in practical situations will be discussed further.It is withal useful to consider aid in terms of a continuum relief-to-development. The purpose and goals of aid modulate along this spectrum, and may in fact be in opposition as well as converge. Short term provision of relief aid which bypasses a weak state will serve to forcefulnessively weaken that state further, hindering future development efforts. For example, Natsios expound how the effect of one the ICRCs interventions in Somalia in 1992, intended to improve food security, had other long term negative effects. Their soup kitchens actually destabilised society socially and politically, because the starving remained relocated near to the kitchens instead of returning to plant crops. Whilst the ICRCs methods preserved life, they had other long term effects.9The core humanitarian value acknowledging a responsibility to prevent human suffering, whethe r in the short or long term- underlies both relief and development aid. Traditional, apolitical, neutral humanitarianism emerged, as Duffield explains, from the inhumane political bias cultivated within the Cold War climate.10Humanitarianism is based on qualities of impartiality (need being the only criteria for distribution) and disinterest (not taking sides or interfering in a conflict). This is emphasised in UN Resolution 46/182, clarifying the provision of aid in conflict situations. Guiding Principle two states Humanitarian assistance must be provided in accordance with the principles of humanity, neutrality and impartiality.11Duffield initially concluded that neutrality is unimaginable in the new wars, since any assistance necessarily has political effects.12He also charted the development of a New Humanitarianism which acknowledges that there are grievous difficulties in the real life provision of apolitical, impartial and neutral aid.13Duffield later suggested that humanita rianism had changed its modus operandi, supposedly maintaining neutrality with practices such as negotiated access and the more small variable consent.14Whatever the practical feasibility of neutrality and impartiality, it is important to bear in mind the importance effects of trying to maintain these principles in set up to preserve the likelihood of access Duffield suggests it is a useful tool of practical diplomacy.15As well as delivery problems, such as maintaining impartiality, humanitarian aid faces a legal problem in conflict settings such as the adhering to the responsibility of providing aid whilst not in the process of intervention impinging on sovereignty. Chapter One, Article 2, Paragraph 7 of the UN engage forbids intervention in the internal affairs of a sovereign state Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state 16UN Resolution 46/182 reinforc es state sovereignty but also emphasises the states responsibility towards those needing aid. Guiding Principle six states States whose populations are in need of humanitarian assistance are called upon to facilitate the work of these organizations in implementing humanitarian assistance, in particular the supply of food, medicines, shelter and health care, for which access to victims is essential.17Within this Resolutions framework, the state has had a much greater role in the delivery and co-ordination of humanitarian assistance but expectations of responsibility are stressed as well. This provides aid donors and international organisations with a clearer duty and right to intervene in situations where a predatory state blocks aid to one or more population groups.Who provides aid to whom is a complex problem, and in the reality of a conflict situation it involves a series of moral tradeoffs. Duffield pinpoints a cant from apolitical aid to an acknowledgement of aids political eff ects the new humanitarianism involves a shift in the centre of gravity of policy a air from saving lives to supporting social processes and political outcomes.18However, he is, as am I, uncomfortable with the new allowance and its willingness to sacrifice lives today on the promise of development tomorrow.19He explains that the consequentialist ethics of the new humanitarianism in holding out the possibility of a divulge tomorrow as a price worth paying for suffering today, has been a major source of the normalisation of violence and complicity with its perpetrators.20Unfortunately, Duffield is left in the aforesaid(prenominal) position as anyone attempting to find a clear-cut, positive substance to provide aid. There are problems with either viewing aid as apolitical or political. The most responsible path through this quandary is to look in detail at the actual dynamics between conflict and aid, and to approach each particular conflict situation individually with these dynami cs in mind.The dynamic influence conflict has on aid results primarily from the new types of actors tortuous in conflict. For example, a state which offends human rights (i.e. not fulfilling its security role) has a direct impact on how aid will be provided. Unable to ignore the human rights offences of predatory states, donors will target aid and incentivise it for peace. Uvin suggests that the international community has become active in so-called democratic policing a matter which would have been considered far beyond the reach of ODA only a decade ago.21The tools used to foster democracy and other liberal goals include, among others, the use of conditionality, which has evolved into less strong-armed methods such as DFIDs promotion of ownership, alignment and harmonization, as detailed by Goodhand.22 only if it is unclear how these positive governance-related behavioural results can be used as tools in the same way that aid can be leveraged.Conflict attracts aid it creates a n eed for it, and negatively impacts successful disbursement and provision in a variety of ways. Aid is unavoidably a source of political, economic and social power and fighters will use it for their objectives. Conflict is a perverse economic, political and social system, an imbalance of powers when the power associated with aid is introduced into that system or conferred on one party, it cannot be expected to fulfil a pacifying role, immediately solving the conflict and its effects. It will interact with, and within, the conflicts dynamics.Parties involved in conflict will misuse, deplete and misdirect aid. Lischer outlines these firstly, aid will be given to combatants, both unknowingly, and on purpose (in efforts to adhere to the impartiality criterion of humanitarian aid). For example, after the Rwandan genocide of 1994 and massive subsequent refugee movements into neighbouring countries, UN aid was disbursed in refugee camps in eastern Zaire. These camps and aid received were c ontrolled largely by the RDR, a combatant group of Hutus who had perpetrated genocide. Secondly, Lischer notes that as well as supporting combatants, aid will support their dependents (families, political supporters) thus allowing them to use their resources to pursue conflict. Thirdly, aid will be coercively taken instead of donated. Lischer outlines the following methods of diversion Refugee leaders levy war tax on refugee populations refugee leaders control distribution, militant leaders divert aid by inflating population numbers, raiding and stealing.23The resource scarce and hungry dynamics of conflict means aid inevitably supports combatants, thus sustaining conflict.Conflict also creates the economic conditions in which aid is expected to function. Donors may intend aid to work in one way, but the mount of the conflict economy will distort this intended impact and actual provision of aid may differ greatly from operational policy. War economy and war markets will be reinf orced. Natsios details the way in which this was evident in Somalia. Civil war, drought and resulting famine meant that attempts to improve food security were distorted by the perverse dynamics of Somalias conflict economy. Natsios explains that the scarcity of food in Somalia increased its value as food aid was disbursed, relief food was an attractive objective of plunder.24In addition, market necessitate was driving some of the looting the normal disposition of merchant classes supporting law, order and stability as essential to commercial exchange was reversed, because of distorted markets.25Conflict and aid also interacted to produce very variable food prices rather than affordably low ones, as the influx of food aid was supposed to produce. Natsios explains how prices fluctuated, rising as warlords hoarded substantial tonnage, and dropping as these same warlords dumped food on the market preceding the US airlift. As flooding the market had little effect in the conflict contex t, OFDA began a policy of monetization. However, even though a reduction in food value was achieved, the effect of this aid policy had an adverse effect due to the conflict economy. Instead of making food relatively invaluable and improving security, the drop in food prices increased the level of violence as warlords and thieves same stole a greater volume of food to make up for its diminished value.26The conflict economys dynamics meant peverted the intended effects of food aid.The disbursement of aid is not only prey to conflicts perverse economic forces, but to its socially divisive nature. Conflict is waged along and facilitated by divisions in society (ethnic, territorial, religious) and the provision of aid will be influenced by these cleavages aid will reflect adverse group relations. This can be on an operational policy level (ostensibly aiding refugees, but prolonging their segregation from society), and at the level of delivery Anderson suggests that the practice of targe ting aid reinforces divisions rather than connectors in societies.27However, if social connectors are facilitated and reinforced instead of undermined, as Natsios exemplifies in the outcome of Somalia, aid can avoid the vicious effect of conflict on social dynamics. He details how the irrigation project in the Shabeelle valley bolstered Somalian societys connectors, the normalize natural stabilizing force of the clan elders, as they were given the resources and money to create employment.28Conflict engenders a need for aid but also jeopardises its integrity, as the humanitarian imperative to fulfil this need means aid donors interact with less than ethically robust actors still pursuing conflict. In order to accession access and begin peace building, a short-term pragmatic attitude is required, resulting in engagement with combatants in positions of control, and thus conferring legitimacy, both domestically and internationally. Uvin posits a slew scale of principle/ pragmatism/ complicity which is positions the problem usefully as policy slides down this scale, the dangers of ignoring the humanitarian objective reform into being complicit in or fuelling an illegitimate actors actions.29Conflict creates banquets in state function, which aid presumes to fill (not close) for its very nature is substitutive. Uvin points out that During conflicts, many governments cease functioning, particularly in areas with heavy violence.30Filling this gap of capacity or service delivery may have the adverse effect of weakening and undermining state and local capacities for example governance in Afghanistan, and food provision in Somalia.31Stewart and Samman suggest that in the long term, conflict and the aid it attracts perpetuates the situation Even when CONFAID does help prevent starvation in the short term, it can prolong suffering over many years by contributing to the financing of the war and diverting people from their normal economic activities.32The political conte xt of conflict influences the provision of aid dramatically. By political context, I mean that a) aids impact is unavoidably politicised, and b) the political context and objectives of international involvement, and various telephone receiver actors, will be influential.The political context of donor actors involved in the conflict-peace continuum, will determine how aid is used. For example, Goodhand and Sedra argue that international engagement in Afghanistan has been Janus headed emphasis between one face prioritizing the war on terror and short term stability and the other durable peace through state building.33The donors short term focus and commitment due to domestic political pressures meant that long term goals were undermined.The political context of non-state actors receiving aid is also a factor. Lischer argues that the extent to which a group is politicised will determine for what purpose aid is used, and how successfully. The greater the level of political cohesion am ong the refugees, the more likely they (or their leaders) will attempt to divert refugee relief in support of their political and military goals.34The political context of state recipients can influence the on-the-ground provision of aid in adverse ways. Stewart and Samman contrast the way in which successful aid provision depended on the political stance of the governments in Sudan in 1983 and Mozambique in 1975- 1982 CONFAID was manipulated and used to pursue conflict by a predatory government in Sudan, but in Mozambique the Frelimo government, whilst less predatory, was still associated with aid provision. This made the opposing Renamo areas inaccessible despite having an impartial mandate.35Furthermore, the combination of political contexts of both recipient and donor results influences at whom the aid is targeted Uvin exemplifies this in Rwanda, many donors abandoned targeting for fear of being seen as partial to any one side in Afghanistan, they strengthened targeting to women , for fear of acquiescing to government policies that exclude women.36In conclusion, having looked at the intricacies of the conflict-aid dynamic, I would like to position the question of conflicts influence on aid within the wider spectrum of debate about conflict. Conflict is often seen as a breakdown or transgression from a normal state of affairs however, as Anderson notes, it is normalcy that gave rise to the emergency initially.37Relinquishing this idea will obviously have an effect on the role that aid is expected to play it is not except a temporary measure, but a whole new start. Related to this is the fact that conflicts have structural (deep) and immediate (light) causes requiring long-term development and short-term aid solutions, but the two are rarely successfully reconciled. As Uvin notes, outside pressure for democracy tends to take more time, consistency, knowledge, finesse and commitment than the international community typically has.38This is perhaps because the traditional view of conflict attributes blame to internal problems whereas aid and development are imposed, technically and professionally, from a sphere external to the conflict. But as Uvin explains, aid can be an integral part of the system which, in the case of Rwanda, perpetrates and perpetuates structural violence development aid interacts in mixed and important ways with profound social processes of inequality, exclusion, humiliation, impunity, and despair, on which the genocidal edifice was built Domestic politics are inseparable from external aid foreign aid is constitutive of domestic processes.39Lastly, the impossibility of neutrality and apolitical action within complex situations of conflict does not mean that we must retreat back to neutrality politicisation is inevitable. Beyond neutrality is an acknowledgement of responsibility, for both the successful and unsuccessful results of aid provision.3448 words.

The Birthday Party :: Literary Analysis, Katherine Brush

When a married woman astonishments her husband on his birthday, an ironic turn of events occurs. Katherine Brushs The natal day Party is a short story about human relationships, told from the perspective of a nearby observer. Brush uses the words and actions of the wed couple to assert that a relationship based on selfishness is weak.Immediately, the narrator stereotypes the couple by saying they looked unmistakably married (1). The couple symbolizes a relationship. Because marri date is the deepest human relationship, Brush chose a married couple to underscore her message and strengthen the story. The husbands words weaken their relationship. When the man rejects his wifes gift with punishingquick, curt, and unkind (19) words, he is being selfish. Selfishness is a matter of taking, just as love is a matter of giving. He has taken her emotional energy, and she is left crying quietly and heartbrokenly (21). apply unkind words, the husband drains his wife of emotional strength and damages their relationship.The husband was also selfish in his actions. With good intentions, the wife had planned a surprise for him, but he was not pleased. Instead, he was hotly embarrassed, and indignant at his wife for embarrassing him (13). When the narrator describes the husband at the beginning, he has a self-satisfied face (3). Embarrassment is a result of feeling self-conscious. Because of his self-conscious nature, he assesses first how the few people in the restaurant will view him because of his wifes actions. He does not prioritize appreciation for his wifes effort and care, but rather sees the worst in her misguided actions. The husbands selfishness causes him to be prideful, which in turn causes him to destroy his relationship with his wife through his actions.In a subtle way, Brush also makes the wifes actions selfish. all the same though her husband was wrong to react in the way that he did, she was also selfish in her actions. Clearly, her husband has a shy pers onality because he was hotly embarrassed (13) in front of such few people as there were in the restaurant (11). Using a couple of this age (late thirties (1)), Brush asserts that the wife should have known her husbands preferences and been sensitive to them. The author also uses the seemingly opposite descriptions the couple on that point was nothing conspicuous about them (5) and the big hat (4) of the woman. The big hat reveals the wifes desire to be noticed.

Music as Cultural Criticism Essays -- Music Musical Culture History Es

Music as Cultural CriticismWorks Cited Not IncludedIn his oblige Daily Life in Black Africa Elements for a Critique, author Paulin Houtondji offers his perceptions of several aspects of life in Africa. His statements are explicit, observant, harsh, and backed up with examples and anecdotes. Many African soda ash medicineians provide similarly critical assessments of various aspects of African life, but they choose to do so in a much subtler way. Houtondjis criticism of Africa for its skilful failure is similar to that of artists like musician E.T. Mensah, who uses upbeat music to lessen the sting of his subversive lyrics. In fact, so deceivingly happy is the sound of the music that missing the entire message of the song is highly possible. His candor and blatancy in expressing his opinion, however, also parallels the work of artists like Fela Kuti, Unsung Heroes, and Prophets of Da City. Though Houtondji and many musicians piece of ground the common goal of improving society, or at least highlighting its flaws, the parties focus on different aspects of society, and probably garner different results. To a westerly reader, Houtondji and his writings whitethorn seem more serious, scholarly, and even competent, even for such a simple reason as a societal bias towards the indite word over the spoken. On the other hand, taking into account the low literacy rates in much of Africa, as well as the aural language, the occurrence may be the opposite in Africa. The spoken, or sung, word should exhibit highly effective in addressing social wrongs, suggesting societal change, or calling plenty to action. Using words as weapons is not uncommon, and they are effective both set to music and written.A preliminary reading of Houtondjis article leads to a c... ...such injustices. Words are often used as effective weapons in written and verbal war. Though seemingly non-violent, these conflicts contain elements of violence, and can thus prove highly painful. In his artic le Daily Life in Black Africa Elements for a Critique, author Paulin Houtondji criticizes superficial problems in daily life in Africa, eon hinting at the issues of the bigger picture. Similar to this approach, E.T. Mensah uses music to soften the blow of his loaded words. Other pop musicians, such as Fela Kuti, choose not to be photosensitive to their audiences, and instead assault them with politically charged lyrics, calling them to action and demanding social change. Both approaches and styles are effective, but an audiences receptiveness and perception may be the most important determining factors of an artists success in issuing a call for change.