Serial Killer Randy Krafts Scorecard

Many serial killers share similar characteristics. One that stands out is their desire to keep an item from their victims and hold on to it like a trophy.  It might be a piece of hair,  the victims drivers license, pictures, intimate apparel, or anything that would help the killer recall the experience. One of the most notorious killers to ever strike in California  was computer programmer Randy Kraft,   who was responsible for killing 16 young men, and suspected of killing up to 50 more. Kraft was also a trophy collector. At the time of his arrest investigators  found over 70 pictures of young men, most who looked unconscious or dead, tucked under the floor mat of his car, under the bare feet of his final victim. More were found inside his home during a police search. A Cryptic Coded List They also found a list inside a briefcase in his car trunk that was separated into two columns and had cryptic words listed under each column - 30 in the left column and 31 in the right column. Investigators referred to it as Krafts Scorecard (see enlarged image  of the actual scorecard)  because they believed it contained references and clues to the identities of  his victims. Some of the entries on the list were easy to connect to unsolved murders, including those  that  matched up with young men found in Krafts pictures. Other connections were ambiguous and failed to  provide enough evidence that would prove the connection in a court of law, although investigators believed the connections to be legitimate. Other entries could never be matched up to any unsolved murders to the frustration of the investigators who had worked years to solve the puzzles. Wishful Thinking or Real Evidence? Below is the Scorecard with the cryptic items listed in the order that Kraft had them listed. The more obvious connections include EDM,  which matched the initials of Edward Daniel Moore.Other notations matched the location of where the victims bodies were dumped, for example, Wilmington connected Kraft to the 1973 murder of John Doe-16 whose body was found in Wilmington. What was most disturbing to investigators were the entries like 2 IN 1 MV TO PL that appeared to represent that there was more than one victim, yet they were unable to connect it to any unsolved murders. What the list did provide were clues to the identity some of Krafts victims that could then be matched (or not matched) through forensic testing of evidence found on and around the victims and in Krafts home. This allowed investigators to charge Kraft with 16 murders, which he was later found guilty of committing. The Scorecard - Warning: Very Graphic Below is the list of the words on the scorecard, in the order that Kraft listed the words. The first column contains the number as it was listed by Kraft, the  second column is the cryptic entry, the third column  are the victims that the police were able to connect to Kraft based on the clue from  the cryptic word. The fourth  column are comments about why the connection was made, or information about the victim or about Kraft in reference to the victim. Cryptic Word(s) Victim Comments 1 STABLE Oct. 5, 1971Wayne Joseph Dukette, 30, of Long BeachBody found nude in south Orange County on the bottom of a ravine off the Ortega Highway. He was killed on Sept. 20.Cause of Death: Acute alcohol poisoning. Dukette worked part-time as a bartender at the Stables Bar in Sunset Beach. His car was found in the bars parking lot.Kraft worked at a bar located next to the Stables and often frequented Stables after work. 2 ANGEL No connection was made to an unsolved case. 3 EDM Dec. 26, 1972Edward Daniel Moore, 20, Marine based at Camp PendletonBody found on the off ramp of 405 and 605 freeways in Seal Beach. Moore died three days before being found.Cause of Death: Strangulation.- A sock was found inside his rectum.- Beaten on the face with possibly a pipe.- Dumped from a moving vehicle.- Bound at the wrists and ankles.- Deep fingernail scratches on testicles.- Bite marks on penis.- Victim was redressed. An instruction book for the harmonica that belonged to Moore was found in Krafts home during a police search.Moore was one of the 16 victims that Kraft was found guilty of murdering. 4 HARI KARI No connection was made to an unsolved case. 5 AIRPLANE HILL Feb. 6, 1973John Doe, Huntington Beach. Around 18 years old.Body found nude laying in an area known as Airplane Hill in Huntington Beach.Cause of Death: Either suffocation or loss of blood.- Ligature marks around his wrist.- Sodomized and emasculated.- Victim was redressed. During the time of the murder, Kraft lived in an area known to residents as Airplane Hill.The victim was one of the 16 victims that Kraft was found guilty of murdering. 6 MARINE DOWN No connection was made to an unsolved case. 7 VAN DRIVEWAY No connection was made to an unsolved case. 8 2 IN 1 MV TO PL No connection was made to an unsolved case. 9 TWIGGIE Nov. 27, 1974James Dale Reeves, 19, of CypressPartially nude body found in Irvine off the San Diego Freeway.Cause of Death: Undetermined-Three-inch round branch projecting from his rectum.- Body was posed in a Y position. Reeves had been at Ripples bar earlier in the day. It is also where his car was found abandoned later that day. 10 VINCE M Dec. 29, 1973Vincent Cruz Mestas, 23,Long Beach State University StudentBody found at the bottom of a ravine in the San Bernardino Mountains.Cause of Death: Strangulation.- His face and head had been shaved.- A sock was found inside his rectum.- A stick or pencil had been forced into his urethra.- His genitals were mutilated.- His hands were cut off.- He had been redressed, except for his shoes and one sock. Kraft lived a few blocks from the victim. 11 WILMINGTON Feb. 6, 1973John Doe 16, around 18 years old.Nude male body found off of the Terminal Island Freeway in Wilmington.Cause of Death: Possible Strangulation- Ligature marks around his neck.- A sock was found inside his rectum. Victim was recognized by some as a prostitute who worked around the Belmont Shore bluffs, which was one of Krafts cruising areas, 12 LB MARINA No connection was made to an unsolved case. 13 PIER 2 Aug. 3, 1974Thomas Paxton Lee, 25, of Long BeachBody found down an embankment under the Long Beach Harbor.Cause of Death: Strangulation. Lee would often cruise Granada Beach and Belmont Shores Bluff which was also areas that Kraft would go looking for one-night stands. 14 DIABETIC No connection was made to an unsolved case. 15 SKATES Jan. 4, 1975John William Leras, 17, of Long BeachBody found in the water at Sunset Beach.Cause of Death: Strangulation- A wooden surveyors stake found inside his rectum. The day before Leras body was found, he was seen getting off of a bus near Ripples Bar, carrying his skates. Kraft frequented Ripples Bar during that time.Two different sets of footprints were found in the sand, indicating that he was carried from a car and dumped into the water. 16 PORTLAND No connection was made to an unsolved case. 17 NAVY WHITE No connection was made to an unsolved case. 18 USER No connection was made to an unsolved case. 19 PARKING LOT May 8, 1975Keith Daven Crotwell, 19, of Long BeachCrotwells severed head was found in Long Beach near the 72nd Street jetty.October 18, 1975: The rest of his body, except for his hands, was found near El Toro.Cause of Death: Accidental drowning Last seen in Long Beach with Kraft on March 30, 1975.Crotwell was unconsciousin the front seat of Krafts Mustang. His friend, Kent May was unconscious in the back seat. The witness saw Kraft pull into the parking lot next to the Belmont Plaza Pool, push May out of the car and drive off with Crotwell.May told police that Kraft supplied drugs and alcohol to him and Crotwell and that he passed out soon afterward, 20 DEODORANT July 29, 1982Robert Avila, 16, of Los AngelesBody was found off the Hollywood Freeway in Echo Park.Cause of Death: Strangulation. Avila was known for his heavy use of deodorant. 21 DOG July 29, 1982Raymond Davis, 13, of Pittsburg, CaliforniaBody found next to another victim in Echo Park.Cause of Death: Strangulation. Davis was visiting relatives in Los Angeles. On the day that he went missing he was going to the park to look for his lost dog. 22 TEEN TRUCKER June 2, 1974Malcolm Eugene Little, 20, of Selma, AlabamaBody found along Highway 86, west of the Salton Sea.Cause of Death: Strangulation.- Body posed.- Emasculated.- Tree branch was jammed inside his rectum. Littles brother was a truck driver who had dropped him off on May 27, 1974, at the Garden Grove Freeway and San Diego Freeway interchange. He was planning to hitchhike back to Alabama. 23 IOWA No connection to an unsolved murder was made. 24 7TH STREET July 28, 1973Ronnie Gene Wiebe, age 20Body found on the 7th Street on-ramp to the San Diego Freeway. His car was found with a flat tire parked at the Sportsman Bar in Los Alamitos.Cause of Death: Ligature Strangulation.- A sock was found inside his rectum.- Suffered a fractured skull from repeatedly being hit on the head with a heavy object.- Hung upside down when tortured.- Bite marks on stomach and penis.- Redressed except for his shoes.- Thrown from a moving vehicle. The connection was based on the code and the location of his body. 25 LAKES MC Sept. 14, 1979Gregory Wallace Jolley, 20, of Jacksonville, FloridaBody was found in the Lake Arrowhead area.Cause of Death: Unknown- Emasculated and mutilated.- Head and legs were removed. Kraft often hunted for Marines. Jolley wore military clothing and told people he was in the Marines.A sketch pad belonging to Jolley was found in Krafts home during a police search. 26 MC LAGUNA June 22, 1974Roger E. Dickerson, 18, Marine at Camp PendletonBody found at Laguna Beach.Cause of Death: StrangulationAutopsy Results- Sodomized and mutilated.- Genitals and left nipple had been bitten and chewed.- Alcohol and diazepam was found in his system, He was last seen on June 20 near a bar in San Clemente. He had planned to hitchhike to Los Angeles. 27 GOLDEN SAILS Jan. 17, 1995Craig Victor Jonaites, 24. Address unknown.Body found in a lot next to the Golden Sails Hotel and Bar on the Pacific Coast Highway in Long Beach.Cause of Death: StrangulationAutopsy Results- The body was fully clothed except for his socks and shoes. The connection was based on the code and the location of his body. 28 EUCLID April 16, 1978Scott Michael Hughes, 18, Marine from Camp PendletonBody found off the Euclid Street on-ramp, eastbound to the Riverside Freeway in Anaheim.Cause of Death: Strangulation.- Emasculated- Diazepam found in system.- The body had been redressed except for his shoe laces which had been removed from his shoes. Rug fibers found at Krafts home matched rug fibers found on Hughes body.He was one of the 16 victims that Kraft was found guilty of murdering. 29 HAWTH OFF HEAD April 22, 1973John Doe 52The torso of the unidentified man was found at Alameda Street and Henry Ford.- Right leg found on Terminal Island Freeway in Wilmington.- Arms, torso and right leg found along a road in Sand Pedro.- Head found near Redondo Avenue in Long Beach.- Left leg found behind the bar, Buoys Shed, in Sunset Beach.- Hands were never located.Cause of Death: Strangulation- Emasculated and mutilated.- Signs of being bound.- Eyelids removed. 30 76 Aug. 29, 1979Victim Unknown (John Doe No. 299)Body found in a dumpster located at Union 76 station and Pacific Coast Highway in Long Beach.Cause of Death: UnknownAutopsy Results- A sock was found inside his rectum.- Head, arms, and legs had been cut off. Only the head, left leg, and torso were found. 31 2 IN 1 HITCH No connection was made to an unsolved case. 32 BIG SUR Aug. 12, 1974Gary Wayne Cordova, 23, of PasadenaBody found down an embankment in southern Orange County.Cause of Death: Acute Intoxication (alcohol and diazepam)Body was dressed except for shoes and socks. Friends say he was hitchhiking to Oceanside. He often talked about Big Sur. 33 MARINE HEAD BP Feb. 18, 1980Mark Alan Marsh, 20,Marine from the El Toro baseBody found in Los Angeles County off Templin Highway and Interstate 5Cause of Death: Unknown- A large object was found stuffed inside his rectum. His head and hands were cut off. Marsh often hitchhiked. He told friends he was going to Buena Park. 34 EXPLETIVE DELETED Paul Joseph Fuchs, 19, of Long BeachLast seen at Ripples Bar in Long Beach on Dec. 12, 1976, Kraft frequented Ripples Bar during that time. 35 FRONT OF RIPPLES No connection was made to an unsolved case. 36 MARINE CARSON June 19, 1978Richard Allen Keith, 20,Marine from Camp PendletonBody found along Moulton Parkway between El Toro and La Paz roads.Cause of Death: Strangulation. He was seen on June 18 hitchhiking from Carson.Keith was one of the 16 victims that Kraft was found guilty of murdering. 37 NEW YEARS EVE Jan. 3, 1976 Mark Howard Hall, 22, of Santa AnaBody found in Bedford Peak at the east end of Santiago Canyon.Cause of Death: Acute Alcoholism and Suffocation. Dirt had been packed into his trachea.- Emasculated and mutilated.- Several parts of his body, including his eyelids, eyeballs and his genitals had been burned with an automobile cigarette lighter.- A plastic object had been jammed into his urethra, penetrating the bladder.- Penis was removed and stuffed into the anus.- Knife scrapes on the victims legs. He was last seen on Jan. 1 leaving a New Years Eve party in San Juan Capistrano.Hall was one of the 16 victims that Kraft was found guilty of murdering. 38 WESTMINSTER DATE Nov. 24, 1979Jeffrey Bryan Sayre, 15, of Santa AnaWas last seen leaving Westminster after his date with his girlfriend. He had intended on taking the bus home, but the buses had stopped running for the night. The connection was made based on the reference to the location he was last seen and the code. 39 JAIL OUT Roland Gerald Young, 23, address unknownBody found on Irvine Center Drive near the San Diego Freeway.Cause of Death: Stabbed in the heart.- Emasculated- He had been redressed. Young had been released just hours before his body was found from Orange County Jail on a misdemeanor violation.Young was one of the 16 victims that Kraft was found guilty of murdering. 40 MARINE DRUNK OVERNIGHT SHORTS June 19, 1979Donnie Harold Crisel, 20, Marine from the Tustin baseBody found on the on-ramp of the Irvine Center Drive to the San Diego Freeway.Cause of Death: Poisoned with alcohol and drugs- Burned on his left nipple with an automobile cigarette lighter.- Ligature marks on neck and wrists. Crisel only had shorts on when his body was found.He was one of the 16 victims that Kraft was found guilty of murdering. 41 CARPENTER No connection was made to an unsolved case. 42 TORRANCE Sept. 30, 1978Richard A. Crosby, 20Body found on Highway 83 in San Bernardino County.Cause of Death: Suffocation- His left nipple was mutilated with an automobile cigarette lighter. On the night he was murdered he had gone to a movie in Torrance. Crosby always hitchhiked.The connection was made based on the reference to the location he was last seen and the code. 43 MC DUMP HB SHORT No connection was made to an unsolved case. 44 2 IN 1 BEACH Feb. 12, 1983Geoffrey Allan Nelson, 18, of Buena ParkNelsons nude body was found on the Euclid on-ramp to the Garden Grove Freeway.Cause of Death: Strangulation.- Emasculated- He was thrown from a moving vehicleRodger James DeVaul Jr. 20, of Buena ParkDeVauls body was found in a ravine in the Angeles National Forest.Cause of Death: Compression to the neck.- Sodomized- Body redressed. Photo of Devaul was found at Krafts apartment during a police search. He appeared dead in the photo. They were two of the 16 victims that Kraft was found guilty of murdering. 45 HOLLYWOOD BUS Aug. 20, 1981 -Christopher R. Williams, age 17Body found in San Bernardino Mountains in San Bernardino County.Cause of Death: Pneumonia due to aspiration.Autopsy Results- Paper was found stuffed in his rectum.- He was dressed except for his shoes, socks, and underwear. Williams was a known prostitute who often hustled customers at the bus stops in Hollywood. 46 MC HB TATTOO Sept. 3, 1980Robert Wyatt Loggins, 19, a Marine from the Tustin baseBody found nude inside of a trash bag in an El Tor housing project.Cause of Death: Acute intoxication- Signs that a sock had been stuffed into his rectum. Loggins had a large tattoo on his arm. He was last seen near the Huntington Beach Pier.A picture of Loggins was found under the floor mat of Krafts car. In it, he appeared nude, posed, and dead.He was one of the 16 victims that Kraft was found guilty of murdering. 47 OXNARD No connection was made to an unsolved case. 48 PORTLAND ECK Name unknown. OregonJuly 18, 1980: Body found off Interstate 5 in Woodburn, OregonCause of Death: Strangulation 49 PORTLAND DENVER July 17, 1980Michael Shawn OFallon, 17, ColoradoCause of Death: Strangulation- Sodomized- Alcohol and diazepam found in blood stream. He was hitchhiking from Denver to in the northwest.OFallons camera was found in Krafts apartment during a police search. 50 PORTLAND BLOOD April 10, 1981Michael Duane Cluck, 18Body found near Interstate 5 in Goshen, OregonCause of Death: Bludgeoned to death- Sodomized- Bludgeoned 31 times in the back of the head. Prosecutors made the connection because this was the bloodiest of all of the 45 crime scenes.A shaving kit with the name Mike Cluck printed on it was found in Krafts bathroom during a police search. 51 PORTLAND HAWAII Dec. 9, 1982 -Lance Trenton Taggs, 19, OregonBody found near Wilsonville, OregonCause of Death: Unknown- A sock was stuffed inside his rectum.- The body had been redressed. Taggs had a bag with Hawaii printed on it which was found at Krafts house during the investigation. Taggs was also wearing a shirt with Hawaii printed on it. 52 PORTLAND RESERVE Dec. 18, 1982Anthony Jose Silveira, 29Body found nude near MedfordCause of Death: Strangulation- Sodomized. Also found with a toothbrush stuffed into a body cavity. Silveira had recently completed National Guard duty. He was last seen on Dec. 3, hitchhiking to a Guard drill in Medford. 53 PORTLAND HEAD Nov. 28, 1982Brian Harold Witcher, 26Body found near Interstate 5 near Wilsonville, OregonCause of Death: UnknownWitcher was thrown from a moving vehicle.His body was fully clothed except for socks and shoes. Witcher was last seen in Portland, Oregon before he was murdered.No connection to the HEAD in the code has been made. 54 GR 2 Dec. 9, 1982 (Cousins)- Dennis Patrick Alt, 20, of Comstock Park, Michigan- Christopher Schoenborn, 20, of Conklin, MichiganTheir bodies found in a field several miles from their hotel in Grand Rapids. They were attending a convention.Alt died from asphyxia by choking. His body was clothed except his genitals were exposed. His boots were also missing.Schoenborn died from strangulation. His body was nude and had a pen stuffed into a body cavity. Evidence linking Kraft to the murders includes witnesses who saw Kraft and the two victims talking together in the hotel bar the night before they were murdered.Alts car keys were found in Krafts hotel room after he checked out on Dec. 8.A bottle opener that belonged to one of the victims and Schoenborns jacket were found in Krafts home in Long Beach. 55 MC PLANTS No connection was made to an unsolved case. 56 SD DOPE Jan. 19, 1984Mikeal Laine, 24, of ModestoSkeletal remains found in the mountains near Ramona in San Diego County.He had a history of using illegal drugs. 57 HIKE OUT LB BOOTS July 8, 1978Keith Arthur Klingbiel, 23, of Everett, WashingtonBody found on the road of Interstate 4 near the La Paz exit near Mission Viejo.Cause of Death: Drug poisoning and strangulation- His left nipple was burned with an automobile cigarette lighter.- He was thrown from a moving vehicle- A bootlace was missing from his left hiking boot.- A Long Beach matchbook was found in his pocket. Klingbiel was one of the 16 victims that Kraft was found guilty of murdering. 58 ENGLAND No connection was made to an unsolved case. 59 OIL No connection was made to an unsolved case. 60 DART 405 Nov. 18, 1978Michael Joseph Inderbeiten, 20, of Long BeachBody dumped during rush hours at the Seventh Street off-ramp, intersection of the San Diego Freeway and 605 freeways.Cause of Death: Suffocation- Sodomized- Scrotum and testicles had been removed.- Penis appeared skinned.- Victim was alive during emasculation.- Victim impaled with a large object in rectum.- Deep burns made with a cigarette lighter found on his nipples.- Body was nude except for his pants that were pulled down below the waist. Inderbeiten was one of the 16 victims that Kraft was found guilty of murdering. 61 WHAT YOU GOT No connection was made to an unsolved case. Kraft was charged with 16 murders, 14 of which were connected through the list.  He has always maintained that he was innocent and told investigators that the list referred to various gay relationships that he had been involved in and shouldnt be taken seriously.He was charged with murdering 16 young males, mostly from southern California.  Victims and their number on the list: (3) Edward Daniel Moore, (39) Roland Young, (24) Ron Wiebe, (28) Scott Hughes, (36)  Richard Keith, (19) Keith Crotwell, (37) Mark Hall, (46) Robert Loggins, (40) Don Crisel, (60) Michael Inderbeiten, (44) Geoff Nelson, (44) Roger DeVaul, (5)John Doe, (N/L)  Kevin Bailey,  (57)  Keith Klingbeil, (N/L) Eric Church, (N/L) Terry GambrelTwo victims Kraft was convicted of murdering (Eric Church and Terry Gambrel) were not on the list, or at least investigators could not make a connection.  A jury  found Kraft guilty and on  November 29, 1989, he was  sentenced to die.

Alternative Sources Of Alternative Energy Sources

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Fossil fuels are burned every day to keep the world functioning but are accompanied by tremendous amounts of pollution. The world needs energy sources that are as effective as fossil fuels but that come with less harmful pollutants than fossil fuels do. An effort must be made to pull away from harmful fossil fuels and to switch over to cleaner energy sources such as solar power, wind power, and geothermal power. Switching over to cleaner energy is very important because of the eminent threat of global warming that lurks just around the corner. If humans are not careful, they will damage the environment and the atmosphere to a point beyond repair. Major factories and cities can begin to convert to cleaner energy sources and cut back on pollution tremendously. They can do this by h arnessing energy from the sun, utilizing frequent gusts of wind, and by tapping into the heat of the Earth’s core. 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In the same way, the pollutants given off by using these energy materials are believedRead MoreAlternative Energy Sources1852 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor problem. This problem is the need for alternative energy sources which can be converted into electricity because the main energy source currently used is coal and the coal deposits will not last forever. The main alternative energy sources that many countries are currently researching are wind, solar, hydro and nuclear. But there is currently another source of energy that is heavily debated to see whether the pros outweigh the cons. This energy source is natural gas. The main reason for the heavyRead MoreAlternative Energy Sources894 Words   |  4 PagesAlternative Energy Sources â€Å"In United States around half of million deaths each year are attributed to air pollution. It is estimated that air pollution each day kills three people in the city of Hong Kong. Air pollution also contributes to soil and water pollution. More than 15,000 people in the world die each day because of water pollution† (pollutionfacts.com). With these statistics, it is no wonder people are coming up with alternative energy sources. From energy to gasoline, there are manyRead MoreThe Alternative Source Of Energy1578 Words   |  7 PagesAlternative Source of Energy Over the past years, scientist began thinking deeper into the possibilities for energy that is renewable. They mostly looked into the sun as there number one source, the wind and other renewable options. Indeed, the sun for many years has provided heat for the earth whereby the energy it produces warms the earth directly and also indirectly. By so doing the heat makes water to evaporate lakes and other water sources like rivers and streams that eventually falls back toRead MoreEnergy Sources For Alternative Energy930 Words   |  4 Pagesto create diverse methods of generating powerful, dependable energy sources that do not have negative repercussions on our environment. Alternative energy refers to sources that do not create undesired consequences, such as fossil fuels do (Alternative Energy 2015). Not only are emissions from fossil fuels concerning, but also these resources are not going to be available for our use forever, making changes for alternative energy sources a pressing topic of discussion. British Petroleum and Royal

Structures in Prevailing Market Structure

Question: Discuss about the Structures in Prevailing Market Structure. Answer: Every industry has a prevailing market structure. In economics, market structure refers to the specific social organization that exists between buyers and sellers in a particular market. They are models of markets that describe a specific social structure between buyers and sellers of that market. It is the pattern in which buyers and sellers in a particular market are arranged together. Various characteristics determine the market structure, among them the relations of sellers in the market to each other, the relations of buyers in the market to each other and the relationship of sellers to the buyers. The major types of market structures are an oligopoly, monopoly, perfect competition, and monopolistic competition. There are various features of a market structure. The degree of seller concentration determines the number and size distribution of firms producing a given commodity in the market. In addition, the level of buyer concentration reflects the number and size distribution of customers for a particular market (Ellisckson n.d.). Similarly, the extent of product differentiation determines the difference in the products produced by various firms. Lastly, the condition to market entry is also necessary for market structure determination (Levin 2009). All these features help determine whether a market is an oligopoly, monopoly, or perfectly competitive. Oligopoly Market Structure in Australia An oligopolistic market structure has few large firms dominate the market. Often, these companies have a significant market share and high market power. Although only a few large corporations dominate the market, it possible for small business to also operate in the market. However, the big businesses collude in the market to create high barriers to entry, making it difficult for small firms to thrive in the market. The products in this market are highly differentiated. As a result, the competition is often of non-price factors (Tyers 2014). Additionally, the actions of firms in this market are interdependent. As such, the actions of one firm affects the other businesses in the industry. It is worth noting that oligopoly is the most predominant market structure in Australia. Various industries are served by oligopolistic firms, among them supermarkets, and the air transport sector. In Australia, two major supermarket chains control the industry. Specifically, Coles and Woolworths control between 70 and 80 percent of the total market share (Australian Oligopolies 2014). The remaining 30 percent is a small boutique niche occupied by the IGA group, Aldi and a raft id smaller independent businesses (Supermarket Sweep 2013). Monopolies Market Structure A monopolistic market structure is characterized by the dominance of one single seller in the entire market. In this market, the firm can determine and sets its prices at a point that maximizes its profits. There are great barriers to entry in this market caused by either the presence of technological barriers, high capital requirements, patents, government regulations and distribution overheads (Irvin 2010). Consumers have limited choices as the monopolists products often lack close substitutes. This market condition usually arises from take-overs, mergers, and acquisition of firms. Monopolies can be established by the government, form by integration or form naturally. The Australian Securities Exchange is a perfect example of a monopoly market structure. The Securities Exchange has great dominance in the important markets of banking and finance. It has evolved its business to the point where it fuses with the apparatus of government (Khan 2016). However, the Australian Securities market is flawed with continuous regulatory concession. There is limited competition. As a result, there is increased costs to the end users, especially investors and fund managers in the country (West 2013). In addition, monopolies stifle innovation and advancement rendering the market is inefficient. Monopolistic Competition in Australia This market structure combines the elements of perfectly competitive market and monopolies. Its a form of imperfect competition where many sellers produce differentiated products. Hence, their products are nor perfect substitutes as products differ regarding quality and branding. It is worth noting that a firm often takes the prices charged by other businesses and ignores the effect of its actions to that of its rivals (Krugman Obstfeld 2008). Additionally, the market is characterized by a few barriers to entry and exit. Usually, consumers perceive that there are non-price differences among the competitor's products, and therefore do not consider these products as perfect substitutes. Goods are heterogeneous. As a result, competition monopolists compete on non-price factors based on this subtle product differentiation (Pettinger 2008). In short run, firms may make supernormal profits. However, in the long-term, it will only break even, making normal profits. This can be attributed to the fact that demand decreases and the average costs increase over the long term (Baum McPherson 2012). This suggests that a monopolistically competitive market makes zero economic profits in the long-term. Producers have some degree of control over their price. The Hotel and Restaurant industry in Australia is a good example of monopolistic competition in Australia. As such, there are various major restaurants in the country which exercise a degree of market power based on their differentiated products. The top restaurants in the country include Attica, Sepia, Quay, Ester, Sixpenny, Bennelong, and Rockpool, among others (Australias Top Restaurants 2016). Notably, product differentiation among restaurants permits market segmentation which in turn enables individual businesses to set their prices within limits (Monopolistic Competition 2006) Restaurants often rely on advertising their products and menus to highlight the real and perceived differences between their products and those of the competitors. It is the optimal level of advertising expenditures that maximizes the firms profits. Conclusion The structure of a given market plays a significant role in determining the relationship between its constituents. The market structure influences the degree of competition, the number of firms, and the number of sellers. Similarly, it determines the extent of product differentiation in the market. In Australia, there are various market structures such as monopolies, oligopolies, monopolistic competition. Notably, the type of market structure determines the extent to which a firm can change the price of its products without affecting its sales and losing its customers. For this reason, it is important for companies to understand the market structure in which it operates. Reference List Australia's Top Restaurants. (2016). Australias Top 100 Restaurants 2016. [Online] Available from: https://www.australiastoprestaurants.com/top100 [Accessed 4 Dec. 2016]. Baum, S. and McPherson, M. 2009, Monopolistic Competition and the Very Small College. [Online] Available from: https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/innovations/monopolistic-competition-and-the-very-small-college/31279 [Accessed 4 Dec. 2016]. Ellickson B. Market Structure and Performance. 1st ed. [Pdf] University of Rochester, pp. 2-13. Available from: https://paulellickson.com/MarketStructure.pdf[Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Encyclopedia Britannica. (2006). monopolistic competition | economics. [Online] Available from: https://www.britannica.com/topic/monopolistic-competition [Accessed 4 Dec. 2016]. Irvine, J. (2010). Get out of monopoly free cards can't be left to the roll of the dice. [Online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available from: https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-opinion/get-out-of-monopoly-free-cards-cant-be-left-to-the-roll-of-the-dice-20101026-172ax.html [Accessed 4 Dec. 2016]. Khan, S. (2016) Oligopolies and Monopolistic Competition [Online] Available from: https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/microeconomics/perfect-competition-topic/monopolistic-competition-oligop/v/oligopolies-and-monopolisitc-competition[Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Krugman, P, and Obstenfeld, M 2008, International Economics: Theory and Policy, Addison-Wesley Levin, J. (2009). Entry and Market Structure. 1st ed. [ebook] Stanford: Stanford University, pp.23-40. Available from: https://web.stanford.edu/~jdlevin/Econ%20257/Entry%20and%20Market%20Structure.pdf [Accessed 4 Dec. 2016]. Pettinger, T. (n.d.). Monopolistic Competition. [Online] Economics Help. Available from: https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/311/markets/monopolistic-competition/ [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. The Economist. (2013). Supermarket sweep. [Online] Available from: https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21576675-cold-wind-competition-sweeps-legal-services-market-supermarket-sweep [Accessed 4 Dec. 2016]. The Grapevine. (2014). Australian Oligopolies. [Online] Available from: https://blog.adonline.id.au/oligopolies/ [Accessed 4 Dec. 2016]. West, M. (2013). Monopoly delivered on a platter. [Online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available from: https://www.smh.com.au/business/monopoly-delivered-on-a-platter-20130519-2jurg.html [Accessed 4 Dec. 2016].

Original Colonies free essay sample

The 13 original colonies in the US is important in the American history because of the culture, historical events and the war of independence/ declaration of Independence. Introduction: History is the beginning of the present and the future, without the 13 original colonies, America would not be the same. The 1 3 original colonies are important part of the American History because of the culture, historical events and the declaration of Independence. Historical Events: 1619: House of Burgesses(Virginia) The first historical event was The Virginia House of Burgesses which happened in Valhalla.The House of Burgesses was when the first government representatives was made by the American Colonies. The representative group consisted of 22 members, including the governor, 6 cabinet members and 15 representatives from various locals. The famous burgesses were George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry and many more. (George Washington- 1st President of America, Thomas Jefferson- 3rd president also the author of the Declaration of Independence, Patrick Henry- famous for his line Give me liberty or give me death from the opposition peach to the Stamp Act of 1765) 1634: Bouquet war The war started in 1634. We will write a custom essay sample on Original Colonies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Bouquet War was the conflict between Native Americans Indians called the Bouquet tribe and the New England settlers with their Indian allies, the Narragansett and Mahogany tribe. The causes of the war were trespassing(colonists Invaded Bouquet tribes area), and gainful trading(the colonist were attracted by the gainful trading to the are of the Bouquet tribe. The Bouquet war ended after 4 years(1638), the results was not good because the Bouquet tribe lost. They were forced to sign a Treaty of Hartford( removal of the Bouquet name).Many of them died. Those who survived got sold into slavery. 1770: Boston Massacre(Massachusetts) Great Britain lost the war of Stamp Act of 1765( the British were forcing American colonist to pay tax). Even though they lost this war they were still persistent of gaining control over the colonies. Then they made a new law stating that they had the right to state laws regarding the colonies. After a year, the British Implemented refused to pay those taxes. This made the British officials called for military to back them up.In a beautiful winter day of 1770, an event called Boston massacre happened. A small group of American colonies mocked the soldiers by throwing snowballs at them, in return the soldiers opened fired and two of the colonies died. Then it became bloody afterwards. 1773: Boston Tea Party(Massachusetts) Boston tea party is about angry, frustration and rebellion of American colonies. The American colonist disguised themselves as Mohawk Native Americans and boarded n three British ships, (Dartmouth, Eleanor, beaver).Those Native Americans threw away 342 packages of British tea into Boston harbor on December 16, 1773. The colonies boycotted tea because they do not want to pay the tax. Conclusion: Without the historical events during the colonization in America, there would still be high tax rate in products, no constitution and America would still be under British commandment. Without those who stand against conquerors, America would have not become independent.