?ertain behaviors

Children portray certain behaviors, such sucking looking and grasping to almost anything that comes their way, one may not understand and even fail o explain this they behave this way, but it's one way that children discover or explore the world around them. Through these behavioral actions which mostly are motor skills oriented, a child tend to develop not only physically but cognitively as well this happens through various processes like assimilation, accommodation and equivocation.The aim of this essay therefore is to explain Jean Piglet's concept of assimilation, accommodation, equilibrium as learning processes in child cognitive development. According to Pigged, children are naturally curious explorers who are constantly trying to aka sense of the world by interacting with their environment and with others (Lenient, 1994). In this process, they construct schemas or schemata which are simply mental networks of organized information.Shaffer and Skip, (2010) further explains that s chemas are knowledge base by which children interpret their world or means by which children interpret and organize experience, schemas in effect, are representations of reality. Pigged (1954) adds that as the child seeks to construct an understanding of the world, the developing brain creates schema. Once formed, schemas can be used to identify and understand new information based on past stored experiences (Moreno, 2010). A baby's schemes are structured by simple actions that can be performed on objects.According to Shaffer and Skip (2010) the earliest schemes, formed in infancy, are motor habits such as rocking, grasping, and lifting, which prove to be adaptive indeed. For example, a curious infant who combines the responses of extending an arm (reaching) and grasping with the hand is suddenly capable of satisfying her curiosity by exploring almost any interesting object that is no more than an arm's length away. Simple as these behavioral schemes may be, they permit infants to o perate toys, to turn dials, to open cabinets, and to otherwise master their environments.Older children on the other hand have schemas that include strategies and plans for solving problems. For example, a 6-year-old might have a schema that involves the strategy of classifying objects by size, shape, or color (Contracts, 201 1). One may wonder what children use to construct their knowledge of the world. Pigged believed that children use three cognitive processes to develop their schemas over time these are assimilation, accommodation and equivocation. Assimilation takes place when individuals use their existing schemas to make sense of the events in the world.This involves trying to relate to something new to something that we already know (Moreno, 2010). An example is first time a child sees a ca, he may say ‘doggy' because he has a schema of his pet dog but has not yet learnt about any other animals yet. Another example is a child sees a plane flying and calls it a birdie' because child has a schema of all flying things are birds. Accommodation on the other hand takes place when an individual changes or adjusts an existing schema so that it can explain the new experience.This happens when the new information does not fit well with our existing schemas, causing us to expand or elaborate on the older schema to make sense of the new information. For example a child who interacts with enough cats and dogs will eventually accommodate his animal schemas to include differentiated cat and dogs categories. When new experiences arise, individuals will usually try to use their schemas ( assimilation), when these don't work, they will modify or add to their old schemas until the new information makes sense in their mind accommodation (Moreno, 2010).However if the new information has no relation to any prior schema neither assimilation no accommodation can happen (Cob, 2007). Equivocation is a mechanism that Pigged proposed to explain how children shift from one s tage of thought to the next. The shift occurs as children experience cognitive conflict, or disequilibrium, in trying to understand the world. Eventually, they solve the conflict and reach a balance, or equilibrium, of thought (Contracts 201 1).Moreno, (2010) equivocation is the balance between assimilation and accommodation that is responsible for the growth of thought. For example, if a child believes that the amount of a liquid changes simply because the liquid is poured into a container with a different shape-?for instance, from a container that is short and wide into a container that is tall and narrow-?she might be puzzled by such issues as where the â€Å"extra† liquid came from and whether there is actually more liquid to drink. The child will eventually resolve hose puzzles as her thought becomes more advanced.

Indigenous Music of Australia Essay

Australia is a society of many cultures from all over the world. The music of Australia’s indigenous people represents a wide variety of music styles created by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures. The music styles range from contemporary to styles that are fused with European sounds. The music of these people has become an important part of the society and culture of the people even though the ceremonies may have changed. â€Å"The traditional forms include many aspects of performance and musical instrumentation which are unique to particular regions or Indigenous Australian groups; there are equally elements of musical tradition which are common or widespread through much of the Australian continent, and even beyond. † (â€Å"Indigenous Australian Music. † Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 13 May 2007. 17 May 2007. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_music) The Indigenous populations of Australia have learned from other travelers that have visited Australia for trade or other reasons. The colonization of Australia brought many changes to the way Aboriginal society functioned. It changed the land and how the people went about their daily lives. Before 1788 the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders inhabited Australia. In 1788 the Aboriginal people lived on mainland Australia and the Torres Strait Islanders lived on the islands between Australia and Papua New Guinea, in what is now called the Torres Strait (Dreamtime. net. au. Australian Museum. 17 May 2007. http://www. dreamtime. net. au/indigenous/index. cfm). Many of the Europeans that came to Australia misunderstood the Aboriginal culture and created policies that did not benefit the people. They worked against the people by creating policies that benefited the farmers who moved across the continent using up natural resources and exploiting the Aboriginal people for labor. The European colonists did not understand the way the native people used the land for food and spiritual balance, thus causing many problems. The Indigenous cultures of Australia are one of the oldest in the entire world. â€Å"We’ve been here a long, long time† ( Koori Mail. October 1996). Their ability to adapt over time has allowed them to last. The Aborigines talked of â€Å"Dreamtime† or â€Å"the Dreaming†, which was their version of a creation story. The Rainbow Serpent created the Australian world. As she moved back and forth along the land she created great rivers and from her body the tribes, birds, and animals of Australia emerged. The Aborigines took great pride in the land because they believe that they emerged from it. They believed the Great Ancestral spirits put the plants, animals, and people in their places according to the land forms and spirits surrounding them (FrogandToad’s Indigenous Australia. The Travel Around Company. 19 May 2007 http://indigenousaustralia. frogandtoad. com. au/cultural. html). By the time Europeans arrived to colonize Australia there were more than 700 Aboriginal tribes. Each tribe had their own unique traditions, language, and customs. Traditional music of Australians indigenous people gives great meaning to their lives. There were three distinct types of Aboriginal music. The first was used for sacred ceremonies. The second type of music is semi-scared and is sung by men, with the women dancing. This music was used for initiation. The third type of music was not sacred and was used for entertainment. This is the only kind of music that can be performed by any person at any time. Music was used throughout the Aboriginals lives to teach what must be known about their culture, about their place in it, and about its place in the world of nature and super nature. Aboriginals encouraged their children at a very young age to dance and sing about everyday tasks. (Telford, Hans W. â€Å"Australian Aboriginal Music. † Santa Clara University. 20 May, 2007. http://www. scu. edu. au/schools/sass/music/musicarchive/AusGeneral. html). When the girl or boy reaches puberty he or she learns about totemic plants and animals of the clan and the mythology of their group, also known as karma songs. Karma is the Aboriginal type of oral literature that tells a historical story of the people ( Indigenous Australian Music). These songs have specific melodic formulas that distinguish them from other tribe’s songs.. Because the stories come from oral tradition the music is learned my imitating elders and is passed without writing everything down. Before a man marries he learns more lively and fun songs that are entertainment for the tribe. When he marries and becomes a responsible tribe member he is to depend on the karma songs to keep him strong. The man matures by the knowledge he acquires through song and when he is older his on her is based partly on his mastery of the secret sacred songs of the tribe (Telford, Hans W. ). Some clans in Aboriginal Culture may share songs known as emeba, fjatpangarri, and manikay. These songs are directly tied to the story telling of Dreamtime, when the features of the land were created and named. When they sing the songs in the correct order the tribe could navigate vast distances. They relate the person who keeps the song with the land itself (Indigenous Australian Music). A traditional for of music is Bunggul. This style of music is known for its intense lyrics, and is usually stories about epic journeys. These stories continue or repeat after the music stops (Indigenous Australian Music). A death wail is also a very traditional music style in Aboriginal culture. It is a mourning lament performed in ritual fashion after the death of a family or tribe member. Roy Baker, a descendent of the Murawari tribe describes the death wail, â€Å"You hear the crying and the death wail at night,† he recalled, â€Å"it’s a real eerie, frightening sound to hear. Sad sound†¦ to hear them all crying. And then after the funeral, everything would go back to normal. And they’d smoke the houses out, you know, the old Aboriginal way. † Aboriginal Australians used the resources around them to make their instruments. Most of their instruments fall into the idiophone class. An idiophone instrument is made from resonating material that does not have to be tuned (Encarta World English Dictionary). Their instruments consisted of two separate parts, which are stuck together to make a percussive sound. There are no string instruments in their culture, but they did use a skinned drum type instrument and wind instrument. Idiophones were the most common types of instrument and the most basic. The first example is sticks. Each singer would hold a pair of wooden sticks and clap them together. They could also be shaken to make a rattling sound. Boomerang clapsticks also were used in the same way. Aboriginal Boomerang Clapsticks[pic] If there were no sticks, hand clapping or slapping various parts of the body were substitutes for a pair of sticks or clapsticks. A rattle usually accompanied songs. These rattles were made by holding bunches of seed ponds in ones hand. [pic] Seed rattle. The most well known of all the Aboriginal instruments is the didjeridu. The didjeridu is usually formed when termites hollow out a tree branch. The branches are usually cut to about 5 feet and are smoothed to make a suitable mouthpiece. When blown the didjeridu is a rich and complex sound. The function of the didjeridu is to provide a constant drone on a deep not, somewhere around D flat. The note is broken up in rhythmic patterns and accents by the use of the player’s tongue and cheeks. Constant air pressure s maintained by simultaneously blowing out through the mouth and breathing in through the nose, known as circle breathing. Great stamina is needed to play the didjeridu. [pic] [pic] Most contemporary styles of indigenous Australian music come from the fusion with European traditions. It also represents from the fusion with mainstream styles of music such as rock and country. Artists like The Deadlys give us an example of this using rock, country, and pop. Common traditional musical instruments such and the didjeridu and clapsticks are used to give a different feel to the music (Indigenous Australian Music). Overall, most ancestors stay true to their past roots of music. The remaining indigenous Aboriginal tribes still practice their culture and pass it down from generation to generation. The traditions have all remained the same even though European colonization changed the tribes forever. Even though there aren’t as many tribes remaining, the people of Australia keep their music alive in traditional and contemporary ways. Works Cited â€Å"Indigenous Australian Music. † Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 13 May 2007. 17 May 2007. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_music (Dreamtime. net. au. Australian Museum. 17 May 2007. http://www. dreamtime. net. au/indigenous/index. cfm Telford, Hans W. â€Å"Australian Aboriginal Music. † Santa Clara University. 20 May 2007. http://www. scu. edu. au/schools/sass/music/musicarchive/AusGeneral. html.

To complete all the rest parts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

To complete all the rest parts - Essay Example n numbers in the opening and closing ceremonies, the manpower costs that were needed to be defrayed, lodging and subsistence of the athletes and other participants, and the maintenance of the Olympic facilities. The data showed there was a sudden increase in the GDP rate for the latter half of 2012, which appeared to suggest that the Olympics, which took place in the third quarter, and the activities leading to it, indeed brought about the economic growth expected in holding a mega-event of that size. Closer inspection showed, however, that the growth of gross fixed capital formation appeared to have come more from government spending rather than private business, suggesting that unless the private sector picks up the pace in pushing for greater production, the sudden increase in GDP will not be sustainable, and long-term benefits due to the Olympics may not be forthcoming. Mega-events attract a global audience, and therefore are capable of drawing international attention and spending power. The World’s Fair, the World Cups of the different sports, and the Olympic Games are itinerant events that regularly hold venues at different places, depending upon the outcome of a bidding process (Varrel & Kennedy, 2011). Necessarily, the hosting of mega-events require that the host city incur a huge amount in expenses and investment in infrastructure and facilities. Despite the immense honour of hosting the event, the sheer financial burden would be enough for potential bidders to stay away, unless a greater return is expected. A great part of the allure of hosting such events is the promise of an economic windfall with a substantial urban makeover (Chalkley & Essex, 1998). This is in addition to the prestige derived and the international recognition of the host country as a major player of global importance (Van der Westhuizen & Black, 2004). In the case of the Olympic Games, the benefits are normally in the form of the construction of special structures where the

Foundation Degree in Early Years Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Foundation Degree in Early Years - Essay Example Dedication should also be present in supporting a child’s healthy and happy development. To improve outcomes for children, the government, the early practitioners, the parents, other professionals and the society at large should be dedicated to helping them. This paper will look at multi-Professional practice linking to relevant theory and legislation. The government puts up the legislation which governs the children, for example, the recent policy statement of supporting families in the foundation years. In this, the government’s vision for the early years is that a well qualified work force brings in a real difference in the quality of support that families with young children receive. Multi- professional practice: The foundation years are critically the most fundamental for a child’s growth, also for their families. Early practitioners include foundation teachers, requiring nurses, pre- school and child minders as well as other professional practitioners, who are involved in the early years of a child’s development. Multi- professional practice is required since these children have different needs, which require different, professionals. Joint working is seen as a priority, for instance, it is vital that parents and teachers utilize the children’s trust arrangements by working closely with local authorities in order to, jointly plan, and deliver services effectively (Anning, et al., 2006). Much legislation has been put in place after the education mentally handicapped children’s act 1970, which made all the children the responsibility of the local education authority. â€Å"Before then, the responsibility of the handicapped children had been the responsibility of the health service (Tassoni, 2003).† This is because, the children were being considered as impossible to educate because they had a learning disability. â€Å"It was the consequence of the 1970 Act that led to the creation of special schools, which gave many children the opportunity of gaining an education for the first time, hence social inclusion (Whitney, 2007).† In the year 1978, a report introducing the special education needs (SEN) was developed, and it came into effect from January 2002. This proposed the recognition of early diagnosis and pre- school support. â€Å"The need for parental involvement and the integration of children, whenever possible into the mainstream school was also proposed (Soan, 2004).† â€Å"Research shows that, there is a need for coordination and communication between professionals themselves and between professionals and families for quality services to be provided (Townsley et al., 2004).† There are many cases where poor communications between professionals and families has led to poor provision of services. Reviewing the current integration interlude, concern is with the reformation of work relations as a way of creating new forms of social capital. The notion social capit al has been used by the government policy makers together with researchers in examining different types, qualities of relationships and configurations. These include professional relations and when put into practice, how they function as resources. â€Å"Looking at the co-work of teachers, language and speech therapists, social capital is produced in the analysis as a means of understanding the integration of children’s service impact on professional practitioners groups and across

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Ethics - Essay Example At the same time, he did the very best he could and is confident that he well documented Jamie’s case and that, unfortunately, the final decision is left to the SAT board. As a professional, he feels that his time should be compensated as agreed upon and he should respectfully ask him to reconsider his decision not to pay. What legal and ethical actions can you take to collect your fees? It is implied from the case study that no written contract was signed stating that there was not a guarantee that the written documentation provided would convince the SAT committee to allow Jamie additional time on the exam. A verbal contract in this case would not be binding because both parties would likely disagree on what was agreed upon. Legally, it does not appear that anything can be done. Can you send the account to a collection agency? Why or why not? FERPA rules guarantee a student’s right to educational privacy. In this case, sending the issue to a collection agency would re quire a statement of the case, which would most certainly involve the child’s name, or a variation thereof. As such, this would be considered a breach of confidentiality and could actually land the psychologist in trouble. Are the parents or Jamie responsible for the fees? Explain. In this case, the parents would be responsible for the fees. ... Chapter 11: The Case of Ludwig Do you agree with Ludwig’s clinical decision? Do you agree with his rationale? I do not agree with Ludwig’s clinical decision primarily because it does not appear that he explored all viable options. For one, we do not see where he has discussed the issue with Ella at all. If they have a strong working relationship, as mentioned in the case study, then she would likely be open to hearing his suggestion. At that time, if she completely rejected the idea, then they could formulate other more viable treatment options. One suggestion is that he could advise Ella to go with her family and attend family therapy sessions, while he continued to see her in individual sessions. In this manner, they could continue their strong counseling relationship together. Oddly enough, I do agree with Ludwig’s rationale simply because it makes sense in the context of the decision he made. In his mind, he was watching out for Ella’s best interest, b ut in doing so, he lost sight of his responsibility to the patient. From your perspective, would it have made a difference if he had consulted with Ella? Would it have made a difference if he had consulted with or obtained supervision from a colleague? In my opinion, it would have made a difference if he had consulted with Ella. It has been established that they have a good counselor-patent relationship already established. As such, it would be likely that Ella would seriously consider his opinion. At the very least, they would have had an open dialogue where Ella could decide to reject or accept Ludwig’s opinion. Had Ludwig consulted with a colleague, he would surely have been counseled that he had an ethical responsibility to refer Ella for family therapy. This would

The Observing a Cemetery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Observing a Cemetery - Essay Example I was deeply engrossed in the sweet and soft music of natures’ orchestra while shiny, intricately engraved brass cross stood directly above to guard me against all evils. As l touched the soft flowers and felt the crisp leaves under me, it dawned on me that like never before, my mind is perfectly clear and my thoughts absolutely focused. Grief-stricken by the obvious neglect, l slumped against a tombstone. Thick overgrown grass and weeds surrounded me. The sky above me was misty and overcast and the atmosphere seemed ghastly. The bitter cold autumn wind bit my body irritably. I watched in sadness, a woman weeping at a nearby grave, her sobbing breaking the eerie silence, like an erroneous note in a chorus. From the ruins of a mausoleum, the wrinkled undertaker was constantly staring at me suspiciously with his tired eyes. The air was thick with the unpleasant smell of exposed skeletons. As my realized the gross disrespect and neglect, the cold and stinging arms of guilt grippe d me. The old oak tree looked just like the untendered graves, a heartbreaking failure to provide rightfully owed perpetual care. In anguish, all my senses screamed sorrow and sadness and l could not lift my eyes from the ground. I was deeply resenting coming here and wanted desperately for this disrespect to end. In these two paragraphs, I described a cemetery, a place by and large associated with negative undertones. In the first paragraph, I describe the graveyard in affirmative radiance, focusing on the serenity, tranquility, and beauty, while in the second I cast a negative shadow, focusing on neglect, and that â€Å"guilty† feeling that seems to grip your body. A Direct Statement of Meaning: I concluded the first paragraph with †¦Ã¢â‚¬Å" it dawned on me that like never before, my mind is perfectly clear and my thoughts absolutely focused.†Ã‚  Ã‚  

Macroeconomic Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Macroeconomic Situation - Essay Example As a result there are lesser incentives for the manufacturers to increase the production and so reduced industrial production is anticipated. The consumer spending, on the other hand, has increased rapidly (especially for food items), despite the fact that the household incomes had been reduced in the last quarter of 2009. Meanwhile, the inventories for the consumer goods and business supplies have reduced considerably in contrast to the inventories of different materials and equipment. Further, the inflation rate was anticipated to increase recently because of the increase in the oil prices. However, the personal consumption expenditures (PCE) inflation has remained more or less the same as the previous year. (FRB, 2010) The overall GDP has risen 14204 billion dollars after an increase of 5.6% in the last quarter of 2009. At this rate of economic expansion the economy can easily recover within a few months. But that is not quite likely. Despite the fact that the economy has improved considerably since the last quarter of 2009, it is still important to consider the fact that the US economy has grown only 0.1% over the last one year. (Fedec, 2010) Since the percentage by which the output worsened in 2008 was 1.9%, a lot of economic growth is needed to cover up for the loss. Also it is pertinent that the government gives importance to the strong expansion of the economy. Out of the 5.6% of the increase in the GDP over the last few months, 3.9% has been due to the rebuilding of inventories. (Fedec, 2010) Once the inventories are created the production is likely to fall. As a result the overall output production may fall. Although the labor market has improved considerably, the unemployment rate still is the highest that has been recorded in the last 26 years. (Fedec, 2010) If nothing is done by the government in this regard the situation can worsen. The